某电厂生活污水再生处理回用系统设计与调试

随着水危机问题日益严峻,再生水回用已经成为解决水资源担缺的重要途径之一。河北某电厂采用“顸处理-悬挂链曝气生物移动床-深度过滤-臭氧消毒”工艺对原生活污水处理系统进行改造,处理后再生水用作循环冷却水补给水。经过填料挂膜及联机试运行,再生水水质指标为：CODcr=11.8mg／L,BOD5=3、8mg／L,SS=6mg／L,pH=7．67,大肠杆菌群≤3个／L,水质符合循环冷却水补给水的国家标准。该工艺可以广泛应用于生活污水的再生处理回用。     

铁碳微电解及沸石组合人工湿地的废水处理效果

铁碳微电解填料和沸石由于对废水中污染物具有良好的处理效果,因而被作为基质逐渐运用于人工湿地中.本研究构建了铁碳微电解填料+砾石（湿地A）、铁碳微电解填料+沸石（湿地B）、沸石（湿地C）以及砾石（湿地D）为基质的4组人工湿地,并利用间歇曝气对湿地系统进行增氧,探究不同填料对人工湿地废水处理效果的影响.结果表明,与湿地D相比,铁碳微电解填料显著提高了湿地出水的溶解氧含量（DO）（P<0.05）和pH（P<0.05）;4组人工湿地对有机物的去除率均达到95%以上,且各组间不存在显著性差异（P>0.05）;对TN而言,湿地A、B和C的平均去除率分别比湿地D提高了7.94%（P<0.05）、9.29%（P<0.05）和3.63%（P<0.05）,铁碳微电解填料和沸石对提升人工湿地TN去除效果的贡献率分别为73.55%和26.45%;各组湿地对NH₄⁺的平均去除率为67.93%~76.90%,与湿地D相比,其它3组湿地均明显改善了NH₄⁺的去除效果（P<0.05）;铁碳微电解填料对湿地NO₃^-的去除效果极佳,去除率高达99%以上,显著高于不添加铁碳微电解的人工湿地系统（P<0.05）.综合对碳氮污染物的处理效果来看,湿地B在间歇曝气的条件下对人工湿地中污染物去除效率最高.     

分层水环境曝气诱导形成内波的过程与特性

采用分层水库模型,在平均温度梯度为0.37℃/cm条件下,开展了系统的曝气诱导内波的中试研究.分析了曝气诱导形成内波的过程,探究了曝气诱导形成内波的类型,重点揭示了曝气扰动源形式和跃温层厚度对内波形成过程和特性的影响.实验结果表明：扬水曝气产生的气水两相流是一种非定常的周期性扰动源,气水两相流的尾迹带动整个模型水体上下振动,这种振动在分层水体跃温层处诱导形成内波.从激发源角度上说,它是一种尾迹效应波.气弹释放周期在44.06～58.69s之间时,内波波高达到最大,当气弹释放周期达到180s时不能形成连续的内波;曝气器出流口增大,内波波高、周期呈增大趋势.分层水体的跃温层厚度也影响内波的形成,相同温度梯度条件下,随着跃温层厚度的增加,内波的波高、周期随之增大.     

通风速率对厌氧残余物沼渣堆肥的影响

以牛粪发酵残余物沼渣为原料,设置不同的通风速率进行堆肥,堆体的通风速率分别是0.2,0.5,0.8L/（min·kg OM）,分析堆肥20d过程中物理、化学和腐熟变化的特征,探讨不同通风速率对堆肥特性的影响.结果表明,通风速率为0.2,0.5L/（min·kg OM）的堆体维持高温阶段的时间为5d,而通风速率为0.8L/（min·kg OM）堆体维持高温阶段时间为4d;各堆体OM分解率分别是28.2%,32.9%,30.5%;通风速率对终产品pH值、电导率（EC）影响不大,pH值均能满足堆肥最优pH值,EC均未超过4mS/cm;通风速率为0.2L/（min·kg OM）的堆体终产品的NH₄⁺-N含量超过400mg/kg,各堆体终产品NO₃^--N的含量分别是2545,3146,2735mg/kg;各堆体终产品C/N分别是16.5,14.1,15.6;各堆体终产品GI值分别是92.2%,96.6%,82.7%.通风速率为0.5L/（min·kg OM）堆体E465/E665（E₄/E₆）最小,其腐殖化程度最高.综合分析,0.5L/（min·kg OM）是沼渣堆肥最为合适的通风速率.     

NaCl对好氧颗粒污泥短程硝化反硝化的影响

利用SBR(序批式反应器)研究了不同ρ(NaCl)、曝气时间、ρ(COD_Cr)、进水ρ(NH₄+-N)对AGS(好氧颗粒污泥)短程硝化反硝化的影响. 结果表明,在pH、温度和ρ(DO)为8.0、30 ℃和3 mg/L条件下,以及ρ(NaCl)、曝气时间、ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₄+-N)为20 g/L、8 h、600 mg/L和70 mg/L时,η_A(NH₄+-N去除率)和NAR(NO₂--N积累率)达到最佳. 当进水ρ(NaCl)为10 g/L时,NOB(亚硝酸盐氧化菌)被完全抑制,AOB(氨氧化菌)能够保持正常活性. ρ(COD_Cr)较高时能够促进NAR的提高. 经过116 d的培养,AGS短程硝化反硝化的耐盐极限为50 g/L,此时η_A小于50%,AOB被严重抑制,AGS丧失硝化能力. AGS的同步硝化反硝化作用明显,SND(同步硝化反硝化率)平均值为24.2%,SNDV(同步硝化反硝化比速率)平均值为0.63 h-1,低ρ(DO)比高ρ(DO)下的SND同步硝化反硝化作用更为明显.      

延时曝气对常温低氨氮SBR亚硝化影响及恢复

常温条件[(22±1)℃]下,采用SBR反应器,探讨延时曝气对常温低氨氮生活污水亚硝化的影响及寻找一种因延时曝气失稳的亚硝化高效恢复策略.结果表明,延时曝气可为NOB创造一个迅速增殖的有利环境,经23d的延时曝气(延迟时间1h)最终使亚硝化系统失稳;且失稳后仅通过限氧无法实现其恢复,而通过增设1h前置厌氧搅拌并缩短曝气时间控制氨氧化率在50%左右,经过60个周期(20d)实现了亚硝化的恢复.     

三峡小城镇污水处理厂污水处理工艺探讨

在调查研究三峡库区重庆段小城镇污水处理现状的基础上,根据库区水质特征、水环境保护的特殊要求和库区地理环境与经济条件特点,对适用污水处理工艺和技术进行比选,认为利用地形高差,采用跌水曝气式生物滤塔+氧化沟处理工艺适用于库区小城镇污水处理。     

改进型Orbal氧化沟在污水处理厂的应用

介绍了江山市鹿溪污水处理厂的设计概况和特色。工程一期处理规模为4.0万m3/d。采用"微孔曝气+推流器"的方式,充氧调节幅度为45%～100%,同时设计水深增加到5.5m,有效减少氧化沟的占地面积,节约运行费用。污水厂进水的主要污染指标为COD和NH3-N,主要处理工艺为改进型Orbal氧化沟。此外为了适应雨季的水量冲击,系统采用灵活的进水方式,雨季污水直接进入中沟,在保证出水达标的同时,减少了污泥流失。两年多的运行结果表明,该工艺具有良好的环境和经济效益。     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

Household organic waste composting using bins with different types of passive aeration

The objective of this study was to study the performances of six 200-L polyethylene bins, each with different design for passive aeration to organic wastes composting. Food scraps and dry leaves (1.6 kg) were added to each bin once a day until the bin was full. Temperatures at the middle portion were measured daily. The compost from each bin was taken once a week for 120 days for analysis of C, N, volatile solids, and a germination index once a week for 120 days. After 120 days, the compost sample from each bin was taken to determine the mass reduction, size distribution, CEC, N, P and K values. The results showed that the temperatures inside the bins were in the ranges of 24 °C-57 °C. The composts in all bins were found to be stable at around 56-91 days. The wastes decayed fastest in bins with lateral and vertical systems of natural ventilation. It took about two months to stabilize the organic wastes, with a 59-62% decrease of mass. The C/N ratio, CEC, N, P, and K values of the final composts were 14.8-16.0, 66-68 cmol/kg, and 1.26-1.50% N, 0.52-0.56% P₂O₅ and 1.66-1.92% K₂O, respectively.