Study of Asian Dust Phenomena in 2001–2003 Using A Network of Continuously Operated Polarization Lidars

We have conducted dust observations at a number of locations including Beijing, Hefei, Suwon, Fukue, Nagasaki, Tsukuba, and Sapporo using automated two-wavelength polarization lidars o study Asian dust phenomena, including generation, transport, and change during transport. We developed a method using the depolarization ratio for estimating the contributions of Asian dust and spherical air-pollution aerosols in observed aerosol mixtures. We analyzed the dust profiles statistically to derive climatological characteristics and year-on-year variations. We also studied dust source and transport path for each dust event using the regional chemical transport model CFORS. The statistical analysis clearly demonstrated the year-on-year variation of dust phenomena and the characteristics depending on the locations of the observational sites. Most major dust events in 2001 and 2002 originated in Inner Mongolia and/or Mongolia at the southern edge of a low-pressure area located in Siberia and were transported by strong westerlies. In 2003, the typical meteorological pattern for heavy dust cases accompanying a strong low in Siberia was not seen, except for one case in April. Furthermore, the lidar observation in Beijing suggests that less dust was generated in the source regions in Inner Mongolia and/or Mongolia, probably due to higher precipitation in 2003.     

PML系统性能测定及卷云偏振探测结果分析

偏振-米散射激光雷达(PML)是532 nm单波长激光雷达,可对气溶胶的消光特性及偏振特性进行定量探测.对PML探测性能从三方面进行验证:①对PML主要性能参数的测试结果表明,该系统性能可靠;②对比PML和拉曼-米散射激光雷达(RML)对气溶胶的测试结果发现,二者基本一致;③用激光雷达和太阳辐射计对同一大气光学厚度对比探测可知,二者探测值基本一致.用PML对2005年2─5月合肥地区卷云退偏振比的观测结果表明:合肥地区位于7～12 km高度区域的卷云退偏振比为0.25～0.50,其平均值为0.35±0.07.      

一次严重灰霾过程的气溶胶光学特性垂直分布

利用激光雷达在广州地区一次严重灰霾过程进行探测,并反演气溶胶消光系数及退偏比,分析边界层结构演变对气溶胶消光系数廓线分布的影响.结果表明,气溶胶主要在1.5km以下.发生灰霾天气时,霾层达到1km,午后可达1.5km,发生严重灰霾天气时,霾层只有500m.气溶胶消光系数随高度分布在清洁过程中呈线性递减,标高为1490m,在灰霾过程中呈指数递减,标高为789.5m.从气溶胶消光系数廓线变化可以很好地反演边界层结构的演变.气溶胶消光系数在残留层顶出现极大值.气溶胶退偏比有明显的日变化,白天的退偏比比夜间的高,午后出现峰值.该次过程气溶胶的退偏比小于0.2.本地气溶胶廓线只有在清洁过程时与Elterman廓线接近.     

广州地区典型灰霾过程及不同天气类型下边界层高度研究

利用2013年9月—2014年11月广州地区激光雷达观测结果,使用小波分析反演边界层高度(PBLH),通过归一化后向散射信号(NRB)的小波分解对小波分析中直接影响PBLH识别的尺度因子a进行了选取.并以2014年1月发生的一次灰霾过程为例,对灰霾过程的PBLH等边界层特征进行了分析,并对边界层垂直结构进行了初步探究.同时,利用自组织映射神经网络(SOM)进行了天气分型,对整个观测时段激光雷达反演的PBLH与天气型之间的关系进行了统计.结果表明,通过对NRB廓线的小波分解,小波分析尺度因子a取300较为合适.灰霾过程中PBLH均存在日变化.从平均结果来看,PBLH最高值出现在13:00,为850 m;最低值出现在5:00,为483 m.灰霾过程PBLH与PM_(2.5)之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.62,p0.01),风速与PM_(2.5)之间也呈显著负相关(r=-0.39,p0.01).对流边界层平均高度约为稳定边界层的1.5倍,峰值高度约为稳定边界层的3倍.低压天气系统控制下灰霾天气出现的概率较低,对应的PBLH明显较高,峰值高度在1200～1600 m,日间边界层发展极为明显.而高压天气系统控制下边界层发展容易受到抑制,峰值高度均低于1000 m.     

Drainage Impacts on Surficial Water Retention Capacity of a Prairie Pothole Watershed

Wetland restoration has been proposed as a tool to mitigate excess runoff and associated nonpoint source pollution in the Upper Midwestern United States. This study quantified the surficial water retention capacity of existing and drained wetlands for the Greater Blue Earth River Basin (GBERB), an intensively drained agricultural watershed. Using airborne light detection and ranging, the historic depressional storage was determined to be 152 mm. Individual depression analysis suggested that the restoration of most drained areas would have little impact on the storage capacity of the GBERB because the majority (53%) of retention capacity was in large depressions (>40 ha) which comprised only a small proportion (<1.0) of the observed depressions. Accounting for change in storage and the difference in annual evapotranspiration (ET) between wetlands and the croplands that replaced them, restoration of all depressions in the Minnesota portion of GBERB would provide a maximum of 131 mm additional capacity over and above the modern day capacity (193 mm; 56 mm depressional storage; 60 mm wetland ET; and 77 mm cropland ET). Considering that depressional depths in smaller areas are within the range of uncertainty of the lidar digital elevation models and larger depressions have the most storage, we conclude that efforts to increase the surficial water‐holding capacity of the GBERB would be best served in the restoration of large (>40 ha) depressions.     

广州旱季双高污染及消光系数垂直分布特征

利用2017年12月6日～2018年1月3日地面常规气象资料、空气质量6参数、光化辐射资料、气溶胶吸收和散射系数、单次散射反照率、激光雷达反演的气溶胶消光系数与退偏比数据,分析广州地区气象参数变化对污染物浓度的影响和气溶胶对光化辐射的衰减,研究双高(高气溶胶与高O3)污染的形成机理,并从垂直角度探究了双高日边界层内消光...     

基于综合立体观测网的京津冀地区污染过程分析

为揭示大气污染的演变规律,推动京津冀及周边地区空气质量的持续改善,针对大气重污染发生—演变—消散全过程的核心科学问题,在京津冀及其周边地区建立大气污染传输通道立体观测网,围绕2017年秋冬季和2018年春、秋、冬三季开展重污染时段和重污染过程的地基和车载走航观测,评估区域大气污染输送和城市间大气污染的相互传输量.结果表明:北京市污染呈明显的区域性特征,春季主要受区域不利扩散条件及沙尘传输影响,秋季主要受西南通道传输影响,冬季主要受西南、南部、东南通道混合层内传输与区域扩散条件不利的共同影响.秋冬季京津冀地区NO₂、SO₂污染物垂直柱浓度整体低于西南、东南和南部输送通道区域,当弱南风静稳天气条件主导时,北京市易受到污染物输送的影响,形成局域污染过程.研究显示,北京市重污染时段外来污染物各类尺度输送通道中,西南通道污染传输为主导,部分时段还受到东南和东部通道污染传输的影响.