CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Mitigation and Renewable Oil from Photosynthetic Microbes: A New Appraisal

The only major strategy now being seriously considered for biological mitigation of atmospheric CO₂ relies entirely on terrestrial plants. Photosynthetic microbes were the focus of similar consideration in the 1990s. However, two major government-sponsored research programs in Japan and the USA concluded that the requisite technology was not feasible, and those programs were terminated after investing US$117 million and US$25 million, respectively. We report here on the results of a privately funded US$20 million program that has engineered, built, and successfully operated a commercial-scale (2 ha), modular, production system for photosynthetic microbes. The production system couples photobioreactors with open ponds in a two-stage process – a combination that was suggested, but never attempted – and has operated continuously for several years to produce Haematococcus pluvialis. The annually averaged rate of achieved microbial oil production from H. pluvialis is equivalent to <420 GJ ha ^-1 yr^-1, which exceeds the most optimistic estimates of biofuel production from plantations of terrestrial ``energy crops.' The maximum production rate achieved to date is equivalent to 1014 GJ ha^-1 yr^-1. We present evidence to demonstrate that a rate of 3200 GJ ha^-1 yr^-1 is feasible using species with known performance characteristics under conditions that prevail in the existing production system. At this rate, it is possible to replace reliance on current fossil fuel usage equivalent to ∼300 EJ yr^-1 – and eliminate fossil fuel emissions of CO₂ of ∼6.5 GtC yr^-1 – using only 7.3% of the surplus arable land projected to be available by 2050. By comparison, most projections of biofuels production from terrestrial energy crops would require in excess of 80% of surplus arable land. Oil production cost is estimated at $84/bbl, assuming no improvements in current technology. We suggest enhancements that could reduce cost to $50/bbl or less.     

Effects of elevated CO_2 on sensitivity of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of alga

Introduction The atm ospheric C O 2 concentration increases at a rate of 1.5 滋 m ol/(m ol·a) and w ill double com pared to pre-industrial levels around the year 2050 (W atson et al., 1990). Its effects and m echanism by elevated CO 2 on global clim ate,…     

缺氧MBR-MMR处理海水养殖废水性能及膜污染特性

采用普通小球藻(C.vulgaris)作为实验藻种,搭建缺氧MBR-微藻膜反应器(缺氧MBR-MMR)耦合系统处理海水养殖废水,前置缺氧MBR用于有机物、NO~-_3-N和NO~-_2-N的降解,释放的NH~+_4-N进入MMR用于微藻生长而得到去除,考察协同处理效能和微藻采收情况,探究膜污染行为.反应系统共运行91 d,对NO~-_3-N和NH~+_4-N的去除率分别达到90.0%和88.0%以上,对PO~(3-)_4-P和TOC的平均去除率分别为49.4%和84.7%.普通小球藻在进行连续采收的情况下,能以平均浓度为9×10~7个·mL~(-1)的生物量稳定运行,实现了较好的去除效能和资源化利用.通过红外光谱和三维荧光光谱分析,MMR内造成膜污染的主要物质是色氨酸类蛋白质和腐殖酸类物质,与缺氧MBR内膜组件相比污染较轻.     

海水中的红霉素与营养盐对微藻的复合影响

大量的抗生素及其代谢产物最终会进入海洋,其对海洋生态系统的潜在威胁值得关注.研究了不同浓度的红霉素和营养盐对2种甲藻——米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和1种硅藻——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的生物量、光合色素含量、蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,以此来探究海水中红霉素与营养盐限制是否会对微藻产生复合影响,评估不同的营养状态下红霉素对海洋生态的影响.结果表明,营养盐限制会降低米氏凯伦藻、东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻对红霉素的耐受限度.本实验范围内(0～1 000μg·L~(-1)),红霉素对米氏凯伦藻的生长无显著影响,高浓度的红霉素(≥100μg·L~(-1))会显著抑制东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻的生长,这3种微藻中中肋骨条藻对红霉素敏感性最高.     

苯并[α]芘对海洋微藻生长及细胞特征的影响

采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了苯并[α]芘(B[α]P)对3种海洋微藻生长和细胞特征的影响。结果表明,B[α]P对3种海洋微藻生长的抑制呈显著的时间-剂量效应,其96 h半数效应浓度依次为:湛江等鞭金藻17.00μg/L,塔溪堤等鞭金藻25.18μg/L,牟氏角毛藻83.06μg/L。高浓度B[α]P胁迫96 h后,3种海洋微藻细胞体积和细胞内容物颗粒均有增加,而藻细胞叶绿素含量却随着B[α]P浓度的增加而降低。这一研究说明,B[α]P对微藻细胞形态及光合能力均能造成明显影响,并可抑制藻细胞数量的增长。B[α]P对藻细胞的抑制作用存在种的差异性,相对来说,金藻类微藻对B[α]P更为敏感。     

利用污水资源生产微藻生物柴油的关键技术及潜力分析

21世纪人类面临着能源与水资源的双重危机与挑战。微藻制备生物柴油和微藻深度脱氮除磷分别是开发新能源和污水深度处理方面的热点研究,但二者的单一系统均存在一定的局限性。基于微藻培养的污水深度处理与生物柴油生产耦合系统可以克服上述单一系统的局限性,在深度处理污水的同时,以污水为资源制备微藻生物柴油。藻种筛选是耦合系统的前提与重点,其筛选原则为在二级出水条件下生长快、氮磷去除效率高和单位藻细胞油脂含量高。合适的藻细胞分离收获及油脂提取技术能够降低能耗;而油渣厌氧发酵可充分回收其中的能量,同时减少油渣对环境造成的不利影响。根据耦合系统的工艺特点,每年全国利用该耦合工艺以生活污水为原料生产微藻生物柴油的潜力约397万t。     

Selection and characterization of eight freshwater green algae strains for synchronous water purification and lipid production

The objective of this study is to select and characterize the candidate for synchronous water purification and lipid production from eight freshwater microalgae strains (Chlorella sp. HQ, C. emersonii, C. pyrenoidosa, C. vulgaris, Scenedesmus dimorphus, S. quadricauda, S. obiquus, Scenedesmus sp. LX1). The strains Chlorella sp. HQ, C. pyrenoidesa, and S. obliquus showed superiority in biomass accumulation, while the top biomass producers did not correspond to the top lipid producers. S. quadricauda achieved higher lipid content (66.1%), and Chlorella sp. HQ and S. dimorphus ranked down in sequence, with lipid content above 30%. Considering nutrient removal ability (total nitrogen (TN): 52.97%; total phosphorus (TP): 84.81%), the newly isolated microalga Chlorella sp. HQ was the possible candidate for water purification coupled with lipid production. To further investigate the lipid producing and nutrient removal mechanism of candidate microalga, the ultra structural changes especially the lipid droplets under different water qualities (different TN and TP concentrations) were characterized. The results elucidate the nutrient-deficiency (TN: 3.0 mg·L^–1; TP: 0.3 mg·L^–1) condition was in favor of forming lipid bodies in Chlorella sp. HQ at the subcellular level, while the biomass production was inhibited due to the decrease in chloroplast number which could further suppress the nutrient removal effect. Finally, a twophase cultivation process (a nutrient replete phase to produce biomass followed by a nutrient deplete phase to enhance lipid content) was conducted in a photo-bioreactor for Chlorella sp. HQ to serve for algae-based synchronous biodiesel production and wastewater purification.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

三丁基锡对中国近海常见海洋微藻的毒性效应

研究三丁基氯化锡（TBT）对中国近海常见5种硅藻和甲藻（硅藻中丹麦细柱藻（Leptocylindrus danicus）、派格棍形藻（Bacilaria paxillifera）、聚生角毛藻（Chaetoceros socialis）,甲藻中微型原甲藻（Prorocentrum minimum）、简裸甲藻（Gymnodinium simplex））的毒性效应,考察了有机锡对浮游藻光合活性（Fv/Fm）、粒径、生长的影响。结果表明：派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻的光合活性（Fv/Fm）受TBT影响较显著;微型原甲藻、丹麦细柱藻的光合活性受TBT影响较小。高质量浓度TBT胁迫下海洋微藻峰值粒径显著减小,低质量浓度TBT对峰值粒径影响不显著。低质量浓度TBT对派格棍形藻、聚生角毛藻、简裸甲藻、微型原甲藻均有较强的毒性作用,非检测毒性浓度（NDEC）分别为1.17、1.07、0.23、3.73μg.L-1,丹麦细柱藻对TBT具有很强耐受性,NDEC为112.62μg.L-1。     

微藻处理污水中的絮凝分离/采收研究现状与展望

微藻应用于污水深度处理与可再生能源生产是极具潜力的一项技术.然而,微藻的分离与采收一直是限制其大规模应用的瓶颈.絮凝分离微藻成本低廉、易于采收而被视为极具工程应用潜力的最佳方法.本文从对微藻表面特性和絮凝机理简要介绍出发,系统总结了无机絮凝剂法、有机高分子絮凝剂法、生物絮凝剂法、高p H诱导的自絮凝法以及胞外聚合物引起的自絮凝法的研究应用现状,进而对各种方法进行综合比较,从而明确了微藻絮凝分离的研发方向.