室外空气细菌群落特征研究进展

着重论述了空气细菌的来源、粒子特征、群落特征、浓度的时空变化及其群落结构的影响因素.国内外研究结果表明:空气细菌主要来源于自然界的土壤、动植物、人类和水体,另外一些非自然的人类活动也是其重要来源;空气细菌的粒径主要在 0. 3~15. 0μm间变化,海岸边细菌气溶胶的粒径相对较小,而其他地方 84%或更多的细菌粒子的粒径≥2. 1μm;空气中革兰氏阳性细菌占绝大多数,无论在森林、海岸、城市还是乡村,芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus)都是优势菌属;一年中空气细菌浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,一天中则可以明显的划分为 5个阶段: (ⅰ )午夜细菌浓度最低, (ⅱ )日出时细菌浓度达到高峰, (ⅲ)正午细菌浓度积累逐渐上升, (ⅳ)下午后期细菌浓度降低, (ⅴ )晚上到午夜细菌浓度较低;人类活动频繁,动植物较多的地方空气细菌浓度较高.此外,空气细菌不仅与各种环境因素有关,还受到各种污染因子的影响. 表 2参 53     

现代分子生物学技术在动物肠道微生物多样性研究中的应用

现代分子生物技术的蓬勃发展解决了不可培养微生物研究的难题,使得肠道微生物的研究进入一个新的阶段.本文主要介绍了基于16SrRNA的分子分析技术,包括DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳),TGGE(温度梯度凝胶电泳),SSCP(单链构象多态性),RFLP(限制性片段长度多态性)等肠道微生物研究工作中常用的分子生物学技术方法、适用范围及可能的发展方向,为动物肠道微生物区系的进一步研究及开发应用提供帮助.表1参42     

A Comparison of Logging Systems and Bat Diversity in the Neotropics

Abstract:  Evaluating logging systems to determine which are most compatible with the maintenance of biodiversity is of prime importance if tropical forests are to be managed in a sustainable way. Bats are model taxa for this purpose. Two different logging systems are used in the natural forest of the Victoria-Mayaro Forest Reserve in Trinidad: open range and periodic block. Open range is a continuous harvesting system and, in common with most methods used to log tropical forests worldwide, has few harvest controls other than girth limits for selected species. Periodic block is a polycyclic system, with felling based on ecological criteria assumed to be compatible with the maintenance of biodiversity. To compare the effects of periodic block and open-range systems on biodiversity, we determined bat species richness and abundance in each system and in primary forest. We caught bats in mist nets set at ground level and in the canopy and in harp traps. In total 1959 individuals representing 38 species were captured. Species richness was similar among primary forest and logged forest habitats, although bat diversity was lower in logged forest. The distributions of bat species abundance did not differ significantly between logged forest and primary forest. We found, however, that both logging systems lead to a decrease in gleaning animalivores and an increase in frugivores. The increase in frugivores was likely the result of an increase in the abundance of bat-dispersed pioneer fruiting plants in logged forest. Bats of periodic-block-managed forest were more similar to those of primary forest than those of forest logged using the open-range system, indicating that the periodic-block system is more compatible with the maintenance of bat diversity. Our results support the suggestion that the measured use of tropical forests can largely be compatible with biodiversity conservation.     

化学-生物絮凝污水处理工艺中微生物群落结构变化分析

利用分子生物学技术，直接从化学-生物絮凝工艺的活性污泥样品中提取DNA，对16S rDNA V3区进行PCR扩增，结合DGGE（变性浓度梯度凝胶电泳），分析了活性污泥中微生物群落结构，并对Shannon多样性指数进行分析讨论，通过研究指出系统中细菌数量的增加或减少．测定了活性污泥中部分菌种的16S rDNA V3区片段序列，通过NCBI（美国国立生物技术信息中心）基因库比对，初步确定细菌的属．结果表明，PCR—DGGE结合测序技术是一种完全可行的快速进行环境样品微生物研究的分析方法．图3表4参13     

南岳森林群落生物多样性研究(Ⅴ)上封寺森林群落植物物种多样性测定

本文根据对南岳上封寺森林群落野外实地考察以及研究结果,选用了24个有代表性的物种多样性测定公式,并采用重要值、株数或鲜重、优势度或盖度作为测度指标对南岳上封寺森林群落植物物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明,南岳上封寺森林群落植物物种多样性水平较高,但又低于南岳广济寺。此外,不同测度指标对物种多样性指数的结果并无明显的规律性变化。     

Preliminary evidence for the metabolism of benzo(a) pyrene by Plantago lanceolata

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have long been recognised as potential carcinogens in animals in which biotransformation into reactive metabolites can lead to DNA damage. In animals PAHs metabolism mainly occurs in hepatic microsomes and is associated with the cytochrome p-450 mediated mixed functional oxidase (MFO) system. PAH metabolism in plants has been shown to occur via a similar enzyme system, but has received relatively little attention. This study is looking at how the plant species Plantago lanceolata metabolises benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), which is one of the PAHs whose metabolism has been studied extensively in animals. The aim of the work is to establish firstly that the B(a)P is taken up and secondly that it is biotransformed by the plant to products possibly similar to those found in animals. This work is achieved by using C-14-B(a)P along with whole body autoradiography, scintillation analysis and chromatography techniques to locate the B(a)P and its metabolites.     

土地利用方式对土壤碳库影响的敏感性评价指标

综述了目前国内外在监测土地利用方式对土壤有机碳动态的影响时所采用的一些敏感性指标：微生物量碳和微生物商、CO2通量和qCO2、轻组有机质和颗粒态有机质、溶解态有机碳(DOC)。大量的研究表明，与土壤有机碳相比，微生物量碳库的周转率更大，周转时间更短，在土壤总有机碳变化可检测之前，土壤微生物部分的变化可能被检测到，是土壤碳动态的敏感性指标。轻组和颗粒态有机质是自然土壤肥力的决定因素，也是土地管理方式影响最明显的部分，对于准确评价土地利用变化对土壤碳过程的影响具有重要意义。CO2，通量和qCO2，可以综合反映土壤微生物的活性、利用土壤有机碳的效率及土壤中碳的代谢作用等，也是土壤碳动态的敏感性指标。DOC通量比全球植物和大气间碳交换量小1-2个数量级，所以生物圈碳平衡的很小变化会导致DOC的巨大变化，DOC浓度和通量是土壤温度和湿度变化的敏感指标。     

外源镧对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响

用14 C标记葡萄糖法研究了外源镧对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响。结果表明 :外源镧在低浓度下可增强土壤微生物利用碳源进行呼吸作用 ,而高浓度下则产生显著抑制作用 ,最大抑制率为 3 3 %。土壤微生物呼吸产生的14 CO2 主要是培养初期释放的 ,培养 14d后14 CO2 释放已非常少。外源镧可增强土壤微生物利用碳源合成自身的生物量 ,最大增幅为 2 5 %。     

阿特拉津降解菌的生长规律及降解特征的实验

应用了从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌，进行了菌种生长曲线的测定，求得AT菌的对数期代时为3．87d，生长速率为0．258d^-1；不同基质浓度的降解实验表明，在农药污染质阿特拉津的低浓度体系中，AT菌降解阿特拉津的反应符合一级动力学模式，属于米氏方程曲线的第一阶段的情形，并拟合出关系式V＝0．064S。     

植物次生代谢:功能、调控及其基因工程

植物次生代谢物具有多种重要的生物学功能 ,在工农业生产和人们日常生活中具有广阔的应用前景 .随着可持续农业的发展 ,植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能及其对农产品品质的影响倍受关注 .植物次生代谢调控的生物化学、分子生物学和基因工程已成了当今国际生物界十分活跃的前沿研究领域 .本文仅就植物次生代谢物功能、代谢调控及基因工程研究进行简要的概述 .1　植物次生代谢物的功能1.1　植物次生代谢物的化学生态学功能植物次生代谢物按其合成方式可分为组成型和诱导型两种类型 ,它们在植物与植物、植物与微生物及植物与昆虫之间的关系中行…