酸雨与镧对大豆幼苗生长的复合伤害效应研究

为探索酸雨与稀土镧对大豆幼苗生长的复合影响及其内在机制,以重要油粮作物大豆(Glycine max)为材料,研究在模拟酸雨pH分别为3.0、3.5、4.5与稀土镧La(Ⅲ)浓度分别为60、100和300mg·L-1处理下大豆幼苗生长及光合作用的变化.结果表明,相对单一酸雨与镧处理,酸雨与La(Ⅲ)复合处理组中大豆幼苗的生长受抑制程度增大,两者呈协同效应,且pH越低,La(Ⅲ)浓度越高,抑制效应越明显.光合参数的变化规律与生长指标近同,相同处理组各光合参数的降幅不一致,其中最大荧光(Fv/Fm)和叶绿素含量(Chl)的降幅范围分别为9.53%～22.75%和9.14%～24.53%,较净光合速率Pn(22.78%～84.7%)、希尔(Hill)反应速率(15.52%～73.38%)和Mg2+-ATPase活性(14.51%～71.54%)小,表明各光合参数对2个胁迫因子的敏感程度存在差异.进一步相关性分析发现,Pn变化主要受Hill反应速率与Mg2+-ATPase活性的影响,而Chl、Fv/Fm次之.表明酸雨与La(Ⅲ)对植物光合过程各环节的作用机制不同,光合作用受阻是影响植物生长的重要因素之一.     

表面活性剂和多环芳烃的复合生态效应研究进展

简要论述了表面活性剂和多环芳烃在环境中的各自行为，包括表面活性剂的定义，分类和对难溶有机化合物的增溶作用机理，多环芳烃的产生途径和分布，表面活性剂和多环芳烃的危害及生物去除方式等，在此基础上着重探讨表面活性剂对多环芳烃生物去除的影响作用机理，阐述了影响表面活性剂和多环芳烃复合生态效应的各种因素及最新研究进展。对该领域需进一步研究的问题进行了展望。     

沪杭高速公路嘉善段道路声屏障的设计及降噪效果

在详细调查沪杭高速公路喜善张家浜中桥路段（试验路段）未建道路声屏障噪声情况的基础上，介绍了试验路段工程概况及道路声屏障的设计，并分析了声屏障的现场降噪效果，试验路段声屏障的声学指标达到预期目标，具有良好的环境效益。     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

环境介质中铊的分布和运移综述

本文综述了铊在岩矿石、土壤、植物、动物及大气等环境介质中的分布和运移机理及一些生物效应。在矿床中 ,铊主要分布在低温热液铊、铅、锌、锑、汞、砷等矿床中 ,铊的富集与其亲硫性及有机质密切相关 ,[TlCl4 ]-是铊迁移的主要形式。在土壤中 ,铊主要以水溶态、硫化物结合态、硅酸盐结合态和有机质结合态存在 ,水溶态的铊容易迁移。在植物中 ,铊的运移与钾在植物中的传输有关。在动物中 ,铊对各组织器官的亲和能力依次为 :肾 >睾丸 >脾 >前列腺 >毛发。在大气中 ,铊主要以TlF形式迁移     

环草隆与重金属复合污染对黄瓜及小麦的毒性效应评估

为探究草坪除草剂与重金属复合污染对高等植物的生态毒性效应,以小麦与黄瓜为敏感受试植物,采用滤纸发芽试验法,研究了典型草坪除草剂环草隆与4种重金属(Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd)单一及复合污染条件下,对2种植物种子萌发与幼苗生长的毒性效应并进行评估。在此基础上采用评估因子法外推环草隆在土壤中的预测无效应浓度(PNECsoil)。结果表明,2种植物的根长及小麦的芽长对环草隆与重金属非常敏感(P<0.01),且存在明显的剂量-效应关系。黄瓜根长对环草隆最敏感,根长半抑制浓度(RI50)为0.281 mg·L-1。小麦根长对Cu、Pb、Cd比黄瓜根长更敏感。环草隆与重金属复合污染时,黄瓜根长表现得最为敏感,可作为敏感生物标记物。环草隆与重金属复合污染对小麦及黄瓜根长抑制具有协同作用,并且随着重金属浓度的增大,黄瓜和小麦根生长对环草隆的敏感性增加。环草隆与重金属复合污染对小麦芽长的联合效应主要与重金属种类及其暴露浓度有关。以黄瓜的根伸长抑制率为急性毒性终点,利用外推法计算得环草隆在土壤中的PNECsoil为1.90μg·kg~(-1),远远低于环草隆田间推荐使用量1.5~9 mg·kg~(-1)。与重金属复合污染时,环草隆的PNECsoil明显降低,导致其生态风险提高。上述研究结果能够为草坪除草剂环草隆与重金属复合污染的生态风险评价提供数据支持。     

Analysis of crater formation in buried NG pipelines: A survey based on past accidents and evaluation of domino effect

The formation of a crater by the abrupt and catastrophic rupture of a high-pressure pipeline can be highly relevant, especially when the crater uncovers other pipelines, which could undergo a domino effect with a significant increase of the consequences on people or on the environment. However, this scenario has been only partially studied in the literature. To assess the influence of the pipeline parameters on the dimensions of the resulting crater, a statistical analysis of accidental ruptures of buried natural gas pipelines that have involved the formation of a crater was carried out. Mathematical expressions are proposed to describe the proportionality relationships found, which can be very useful to support adequate separation distances in the design and construction of parallel corridors of pipelines after appropriate escalating effects are considered. Finally, detailed event trees were developed to calculate the probability of occurrence of the final outcomes, as well as the identified domino sequences, based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data. The study of these accident scenarios, based on actual cases, represents a useful and needed advance in risk analysis of natural gas transportation through pipelines.     

河南省产业结构演化及其生态环境效应分析

文章分析了河南省产业发展轨迹以及不同产业发展对生态环境的影响,利用不同产业的生态环境影响指数计算了1980年以来该省产业结构演化的生态环境效应,得出河南省产业转型轨迹与产业转型引起的生态环境效应轨迹在变化趋势上存在着一致性、产业转型对生态环境的影响滞后于产业转型等结论,并提出一些基于生态环境保护的河南省经济持续发展的长效产业政策。     

矿业废弃地复垦土壤-作物硒吸收特征及其对重金属拮抗效应

针对矿业废弃地复垦土壤硒与重金属"双高"现象,为充分开发其富硒土地资源,确保作物安全,本文基于"点对点"采集的土壤和玉米样品,利用反距离权重(inverse distance weighted,IDW)、多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)和随机森林回归(random forest regression,RFR)等方法,开展了西南某硫磺矿复垦区玉米硒元素吸收预测的同时,分析硒(Se)对重金属(Hg、As、Cd和Cr)的拮抗效应.结果表明研究区土壤中硒资源丰富,土壤Se平均含量达到0.83mg·kg^-1,是中国土壤Se平均含量的2.87倍,玉米籽粒硒含量处于0.02～0.16mg·kg^-1之间.由相关性分析和模型预测可知,研究区玉米籽粒硒含量主要影响因素为土壤硒、pH值、有机质和重金属As等,多元线性回归(MLR)对其预测最为有效,决定系数R²为0.52.通过比较研究区土壤硒不同含量梯度下玉...     

纳米零价铁耦合黏土修复污染土壤的研究进展

黏土负载型nZVI具有低成本、易制备、环境相容性好、综合性能优越的特点.本文在归纳nZVI改性策略的基础上,比较了黏土种类对nZVI形貌和性能的影响,提出了理想黏土载体的优选顺序,分析了复合材料的铁含量、比表面积、nZVI尺寸等与去除性能之间的关系,对nZVI耦合黏土在修复土壤重金属、卤代有机物、硝酸盐、新型污染物等方面的研究进行了总结,并概述了nZVI技术在土壤修复中的负面效应,最后对nZVI耦合黏土修复污染土壤的未来方向进行了展望.