微生物燃料电池强化去除农药2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸及同步产电性能

研究了广泛应用的农药2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)存在对微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFCs)产电性能、污染物去除及微生物群落结构的影响,并探讨了阳极预曝气对2,4-D的强化去除及产电影响.结果表明,向以乙酸钠为燃料的双室型微生物燃料电池阳极室内加入2,4-D,会降低系统输出电压,降低功率密度,增加内阻.当300 mg·L~(-1)的2,4-D与乙酸钠(850 mg·L~(-1))共存时,与乙酸钠单基质相比,最大功率密度从0.151 W·m~(-2)迅速下降到0.057 W·m~(-2),内阻相应从524Ω增加到1 230Ω.为了加快系统中2,4-D的去除,减少其对产电菌的抑制效应,采用阳极预曝气6 h的运行方式,显著提高了2,4-D去除效率,同时获得了0.42~0.47 V的最高输出电压.2,4-D加入后MFC阳极微生物群落结构发生了变化,选择出了多种2,4-D降解菌及具有2,4-D耐受能力的产电菌.研究表明,可以通过阳极预曝气方式强化2,4-D去除的同时从MFCs系统回收电能.     

强化两相污泥高固厌氧消化系统的微生物群落

污泥高固厌氧消化具有反应器体积小、能耗低、沼渣少等优点,但其相关机制尤其是微生物机制研究还非常有限.利用16S rRNA克隆文库技术,本研究考察了一个中试污泥高固厌氧消化系统稳定运行期的微生物群落.该中试系统采用"超高温酸化(70℃)-高温甲烷化(55℃)"的强化两相厌氧消化工艺,处理剩余活性污泥的含固率约为9%.在总的固体停留时间仅15.5 d(酸化3 d+甲烷化12.5 d)时,系统挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)去除率为35.7%,甲烷产率(以CH4/VS去除计)为0.648 m~3·kg~(-1).两相的细菌组成差异较大:在超高温酸化相存在大量降解蛋白质/氨基酸的细菌;在高温产甲烷相则主要是降解纤维素等多糖和一些简单糖类的细菌以及长链脂肪酸降解细菌;两相中都存在降解简单糖类的细菌.两相的古菌绝大部分都属于Methanothermobacter,特别是高温产甲烷相检出的古菌100%都属于Methanothermobacter,由于仅在产甲烷相检测到沼气,这表明系统中的甲烷化过程主要通过氢营养途径进行.     

阳极材料对6 L微生物燃料电池性能及有机废水处理效果的影响

阳极材料是影响微生物燃料电池实用化的关键因素之一.本文以碳刷、碳布或石墨毡阳极和泡沫镍空气阴极制成紧凑式6 L单室双空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究不同阳极材料对电池启动过程和运行以乙酸钠为基质的人工废水和实际屠宰废水的产电性能和废水处理效果的影响,比较了单位阳极成本的产电效益.结果表明:阳极材料对紧凑式MFC的启动过程没有明显影响;在产电性能方面,碳刷阳极MFC在人工废水和屠宰废水中的输出功率密度最高,分别为(56.3±1.8)W·m~(-3)和(19.5±0.8)W·m~(-3),其次为碳布阳极MFC,分别为(46.0±1.7)W·m~(-3)和(16.9±0.6)W·m~(-3),最差的是石墨毡阳极MFC,分别为(40.8±1.5)W·m~(-3)和(11.9±0.5)W·m~(-3);在废水处理效果方面,不同阳极MFC在运行人工废水或屠宰废水时COD去除率没有明显差别,均在90%左右.碳刷阳极MFC所产生的经济效益最高,在运行乙酸钠和屠宰废水时分别为(3.44±0.08)m W·元-1和(0.97±0.05)m W·元-1,分别比碳布MFC和石墨毡MFC高18.6%、12.8%和38.7%、80%.本研究结果说明碳刷是微生物燃料电池实用化过程中最合适的阳极材料.     

活性污泥厌氧Fe(Ⅲ)还原氨氧化现象初探

采用常规化学分析和微生物群落变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)监测技术,探究了厌氧条件下活性污泥中Fe(Ⅲ)还原氨氧化(Feammox)反应的存在及微生物群落动态响应.结果表明,当反应器运行至第24 d时NH_4~+发生转化,同时检测到NO_3~-和Fe(Ⅱ)的生成,表明活性污泥中存在着Fe(Ⅲ)还原NH_4~+氧化反应,产物主要为NO_3~-和Fe(Ⅱ),并伴随少量N_2生成.经过84d培养,氨氮最大转化量达29.85 mg·L~(-1),转化率为59.7%,出水NO_3~-最高值达24.56 mg·L~(-1).活性污泥中Feammox为产酸过程,体系中p H值下降.整个培养过程中微生物群落条带分布发生变化,参与活性污泥中Feammox反应的部分群落在培养过程获得保留,部分优势菌群获得富集.     

微生物降解土壤中农药残留的研究进展

研究土壤环境中农药的微生物降解是当今国际环境修复科学技术前沿领域的重要课题.从降解农药的微生物种类、降解农药的途径及机理、基因工程菌的构建等方面综述了近年来的研究进展,并提出了微生物降解农药研究领域的发展趋势和有待进一步解决的一些突出问题.     

Competitive effects and interactions during sorption of SMP fractions on activated carbon: response surface approach for visualization of sorption profiles

The objectives of this study were to investigate the significance of the effects and interactions for during competitive sorption of soluble microbial products (SMP). Batch experiments were conducted to assess the competitive sorption characteristics and individual affinity of glucose (carbohydrate) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (protein) as two representative fractions of SMP. The influence of surface availability was investigated by using carbon particles with different particle sizes (5-75 μm, 75-850 μm, and 850-1000 μm) and different carbon amounts. Competitive effects and interactions were evaluated for each adsorbate and surface availability. Competitive sorption mechanisms were quantified in relation to surface affinity of the SMP fractions. Sorption capacity profiles of the SMP fractions at equilibrium were developed using second-degree polynomial models for the experimental data and compared with the estimates obtained from the modified Langmuir-like model which uses single parameter sorption data to estimate competitive sorption profiles of systems with two adsorbates. Adequacy limitations of the modified Langmuir-like model for each SMP fraction were evaluated based on the significance of the synergistic and antagonistic effects between the two SMP fractions and the carbon surface availability.     

磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶在土壤中的好氧降解及对微生物呼吸的影响

实验研究了抗生素药物在不同土壤中（不同种类以及有无添加牛粪）的降解行为,同时采用基质诱导呼吸法考察了药物在土壤中对微生物呼吸的影响．结果表明,添加牛粪的土壤在前20d内轻微促进了磺胺甲恶唑的降解效率,磺胺甲恶唑的快速降解主要是微生物作用引起,而甲氧苄氨嘧啶则在好氧条件下表现出较强的持久性．同控制土壤样品对比,药物对土壤...     

冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

采用Bremner氮素分级方法,研究冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响.结果表明:随着冻融时间的变化,微生物量氮含量先减少后增加,在冻融1 d后达到最小值,4℃、-4℃、-4～4℃和-20～4℃处理下分别下降了50.37%、57.47%、37.79%和37.51%;氨基酸氮和氨基糖氮变化趋势相同,先增加后减少,均在冻融1 d后达到最大值,各处理氨基酸氮含量分别为处理前的1.6倍、1.47倍、1.44倍和1.5倍,氨基糖分别为处理前的1.66倍、1.58倍、1.65倍和1.91倍;氨态氮含量先增加后减少,-20～4℃处理在冻融1 d后为处理前的1.25倍,其余3个处理在冻融3 d后达到最大值;各处理酸解未知氮的变化趋势大体相同,在冻融25 d后达到最小值.研究表明冻融时间对微生物量氮和有机氮组分影响显著,微生物量氮含量是有机氮组分变化的主要原因.     

PCR-DGGE研究Carrousel 2000氧化沟工艺调试过程中的微生物多样性

收集Carrousel 2000型氧化沟工艺启动过程中活性污泥样品,直接提取微生物的基因组DNA并纯化,然后对细菌16S rDNA的V3高变区进行PCR扩增和DGGE分离,通过比较DGGE图谱的相似性来研究工艺调试过程中微生物种群的变化情况.研究表明,活性污泥中具有非常丰富的微生物种群.调试初期水质波动对氧化沟中微生物种群的影响非常明显,但接种的成熟活性污泥中微生物种群能够很快适应新型氧化沟工艺的结构及水力特性.调试从4月开始,4月氧化沟中微生物种群相似性Cs最大值为68.9%,5~6月Cs最大值为70.8%,8月Cs最大值为73.0%,可见氧化沟中微生物种群相似性逐渐增加,直至稳定.在此过程中,系统对COD、氨氮的处理效果同步提高并趋于稳定.综合分析好氧活性污泥在氧化沟中驯化期为2个月.图4表4参12     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter as N-nitrosamine precursors based on hydrophobicity, molecular weight and fluorescence

It is very important to identify the dominant precursors for N-nitrosamine formation from bulk organic matter, to enhance the understanding of N-nitrosamine formation pathways in water treatment plants and allow the development of practical treatment technologies. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two source waters was fractionated with XAD resins and ultra- filtration membranes. The N-nitrosamine formation potential (FP) (ng of N-nitrosamines formed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) from raw water and each fraction were measured and correlated with the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), molecular weight (MW) and other assays. The results showed that the hydrophilic fraction had N-nitrosamine FP 1.3 to 3.5 times higher than the hydrophobic fraction from both source waters. The DOM fraction with low MW was the dominant fraction in these two source waters and contributed more precursors for N-nitrosamine formation than the larger MW fraction. The EEM spectra indicated there were notable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and aromatic proteins in the two studied rivers, which probably originated from wastewater discharge. The SMPs tended to be more closely correlated with N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential than the other DOM components. Higher N-nitrosamine FP were also related to fractions with lower DOC/DON ratios and lower SUVA 254 values.