Application of high OLR-fed aerobic granules for the treatment of low-strength wastewater：Performance, granule morphology and microbial community

Aerobic granules, pre-cultivated at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.0 kg COD/(m3 ·day), were used to treat low-strength wastewater in two sequencing batch reactors at low OLRs of 1.2 and 0.6 kg COD/(m3 ·day), respectively. Reactor performance, evolution of granule morphology, structure and microbial community at low OLRs under long-term operation (130 days) were investigated. Results showed that low OLRs did not cause significant damage to granule structure as a dominant granule morphology with size over 540 μm was maintained throughout the operation. Aerobic granules at sizes of about 750 μm were finally obtained at the low OLRs. The granule reactors operated at low OLRs demonstrated effective COD and ammonia removals (above 90%), smaller granule sizes and less biomass. The contents of extracellular polymeric substances in the granules were decreased while the ratios of exopolysaccharide/exoprotein were increased (above 1.0). The granules cultivated at the low OLRs showed a smoother surface and more compact structure than the seeded granules. A significant shift in microbial community was observed but the microbial diversity remained relatively stable. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy observation showed that the live cells were spread throughout the whole granule, while the dead cells were mainly concentrated in the outer layer of the granule, and the proteins, polysaccharides and lipids were mainly located in the central regime of the granule. In conclusion, granules cultivated at high OLRs show potential for treating low-strength organic wastewater steadily under long-term operation.     

Effects of idle time on biological phosphorus removal by sequencing batch reactors

Three identical sequencing batch reactors （SBRs） were operated to investigate the effects of various idle times on the biological phosphorus （P） removal. The idle times were set to 3 hr （R1）, 10 hr （R2） and 17 hr （R3）. The results showed that the idle time of a SBR had potential impact on biological phosphorus removal, especially when the influent phosphorus concentration increased. The phosphorus removal efficiencies of the R2 and R3 systems declined dramatically compared with the stable R1 system, and the Prelease and P-uptake rates of the R3 system in particular decreased dramatically. The PCR-DGGE analysis showed that uncultured Pseudomonas sp. （GQ183242.1） and β-Proteobacteria （AY823971） were the dominant phosphorus removal bacteria for the R1 and R2 systems, while uncultured γ-Proteobacteria were the dominant phosphorus removal bacteria for the R3 system. Glycogen-accumulating organisms （GAOs）, such as uncultured Sphingomonas sp. （AM889077）, were found in the R2 and R3 systems. Overall, the R1 system was the most stable and exhibited the best phosphorus removal efficiency. It was found that although the idle time can be prolonged to allow the formation of intracellular polymers when the phosphorus concentration of the influent is low, systems with a long idle time can become unstable when the influent phosphorus concentration is increased.     

Composite Biofilms grown in Acidic Mining Lakes and assessed by Electron Microscopy and Molecular Techniques

Microbial consortia of composite biofilms, grown in surface water of acidicmining lakes near Lauchhammer, Germany, were investigated. The red-brown colored lake water was acidic (pH 2.5), had high concentrations of Fe(III), Al(III), and sulphate and low concentrations of dissolved organic matter. As a result the abundance of bacteria in the lake is with 10⁴ cells mL^-1 rather low. One input of organic material into the lake are autumnal leaves from trees, growing in the lakeside area. From aliquots of unfixed birch leave biofilms the 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR and community fingerprints were determined by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Specific bands within the fingerprints were extracted from SSCP gels and sequenced for the taxonomical affiliation.These results were compared with those from the second type of biofilms which were grown on sterile substrata, floating submersed in surface waters of the lakes. By excising the bands from the gel and sequencing the individual bands bacterial taxa, common to both types of biofilms, were found but also some, which were only present in one type of biofilm. Ultrathin sectioned biofilms often showed bacteria associated with electron dense particles as main inorganic constituents. Elemental microanalysis by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) revealed them to contain iron, sulfur and oxygen as main elemental fractions and electron diffraction ring pattern analysis classified them to be schwertmannite. These bacteria and their interactions with each other as well as with the inorganic minerals formed in this lake generally is of great interest, in order to use these results for bioremediation applications.     

基于酶化学计量法探究有机无机肥配施调控果园土壤微生物碳、磷代谢机制

土壤微生物的C、N、P养分需求和代谢限制与环境养分的有效性有着密切关系.然而,有机无机肥配施如何影响苹果园土壤微生物C、N、P代谢限制亟待进一步研究.因此,基于2008年建立的苹果园长期定位试验,应用土壤酶化学计量学理论与方法,系统研究有机无机肥配施对土壤C、N和P周转相关的酶活性（β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶,NAG;L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶,LAP;碱性磷酸酶,PHOS）及其化学计量特征的影响,并分析其与环境因子和微生物碳利用率之间的关系.试验共设4个处理,分别为不施肥（CK）、单施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）和化肥配施有机肥（MNPK）.结果表明：①在果树各生育期,施用有机肥处理（MNPK和M）的微生物量碳（microC）含量显著高于不施有机肥处理（CK和NPK）;微生物量氮（microN）含量,在萌芽期NPK、MNPK和M处理比CK处理分别增加了89%、269%和213%（P<0.05）.②CK处理在萌芽期有较高的叶片ω（N）和ω（P）（29.8 g ·kg^-1和2.17 g ·kg^-1）,并且仅果树萌芽期的叶片P含量与土壤有效磷（AP）含量呈显著负相关.③土壤酶化学计量分析的所有数据点均在1 ：1线以上,表现为微生物群落存在较强的P限制;果树生长期,矢量长度和角度的变化范围分别为0.56~0.79和59.3°~67.7°,且研究中矢量角度均>45°,也体现了微生物存在较强的磷限制.④RDA和随机森林模型分析结果表明,有机碳和速效氮（AN）是影响矢量长度的主要理化因子,AP、AN和土壤含水量是影响矢量角度的主要理化因子;SEM分析表明,AN和可溶性有机碳（DOC）直接影响microC和microN,AP直接影响microP和microN,DOC和AP直接影响矢量长度,AP和microN直接影响矢量角度;微生物碳利用率与矢量长度呈显著正相关,与矢量角度呈显著负相关.综上所述,有机无机肥配施通过影响果树不同生育期土壤碳和磷含量,调控微生物碳、磷代谢进而影响微生物碳利用率,为有机无机肥配施提升土壤质量、维持土壤健康提供科学依据.     

外源菌剂联合柠檬酸强化龙葵修复土壤镉污染

设置对照（CK）、摩西球囊霉菌（GM）、摩西球囊霉菌+柠檬酸（GM+CA）、摩西球囊霉菌+巨大芽孢杆菌（GM+BM）和摩西球囊霉菌+巨大芽孢杆菌+柠檬酸（GM+BM+CA）这5个处理,通过测定土壤全Cd、有效Cd和植株Cd吸收量及微生物群落变化,分析了外源菌剂和柠檬酸添加对龙葵修复Cd污染效果的影响.结果表明,相对于CK处理,GM处理龙葵根、茎和叶生物量显著增加35.67%、41.35%和65.38%,GM+BM+CA处理龙葵根和茎生物量显著增加73.38%和75.38%.GM处理提高了龙葵各部位Cd含量但差异不显著,GM+BM+CA处理龙葵叶部的Cd含量显著提高79.34%.GM处理龙葵茎和叶Cd累积量显著提高47.51%和89.58%.GM+BM+CA处理龙葵叶部Cd累积量显著提高226.84%.GM+BM+CA处理显著增加了Cd由龙葵茎向叶的转运系数,增幅为52.47%.GM+BM+CA处理显著增加了叶的富集系数,增幅为120.53%.此外,联合修复对根际微生物群落结构也产生了影响,特别体现在诱导某些关键微生物类群,如变形菌门、放线菌门、球囊菌门和油壶菌门相对丰度增加2.00%~5.77%、0.76%~9.96%、2.11%~3.63%和0.54%~2.98%.RDA分析发现变形菌门和放线菌门与土壤全Cd呈显著负相关,球囊菌门和油壶菌门与土壤全Cd呈负相关.关键微生物的变化增强了龙葵吸收根际养分和抗Cd胁迫的能力,提高龙葵Cd累积能力,有效降低土壤全Cd含量.综上,摩西球囊霉菌、柠檬酸与巨大芽孢杆菌通过共接种的方式活化了土壤中的难溶态Cd,有助于龙葵富集更多的Cd,同时也与摩西球囊霉菌产生联合修复的效果.富集植物-微生物联合修复Cd污染土壤有较好的应用潜力.     

厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺的启动及微生物群落变化特征

为了解厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化启动过程中脱氮除碳性能与微生物群落的关系,通过逐步提高进水COD浓度研究了SAD启动过程中脱氮除碳性能和微生物群落变化.结果表明,随着进水COD浓度增加,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_2--N的浓度保持稳定,平均去除率均在98%以上; TN去除率逐渐升高,第3阶段TN平均去除率为95. 6%,比厌氧氨氧化理论TN去除率高6. 8%;ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N明显下降,从0. 15～0. 17逐步降至0. 03～0. 07;厌氧氨氧化脱氮贡献率逐渐下降,反硝化脱氮贡献率逐渐上升,COD去除率逐步增加.污泥活性分析表明SAD启动后污泥反硝化活性明显增加,厌氧氨氧化活性略微降低.高通量测序结果表明,反应器内微生物的优势菌门为绿弯菌门、浮霉菌门、厚壁菌门、装甲菌门和变形菌门,微生物群落特征与SAD脱氮除碳性能密切相关,与脱氮除碳有关的功能微生物主要有厌氧氨氧化菌、厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌,SAD启动后反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌丰度减少,厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌丰度明显增加.     

不同培养条件厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥性质及微生物群落结构差异

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)和上升式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器在不同运行条件下培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,对比分析颗粒污泥性质和微生物群落的差异性.研究表明接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥经过EGSB和UASB反应器运行384 d后,均能实现颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径分别达到1.17 mm和1.21 mm,各范围(0.2、 0.2～1.5、 1.5～3和3 mm)的粒径占比为6.06%、 60.05%、 25.25%和8.64%, 7.40%、 58.90%、 32.04%和1.66%.扫描电镜结果表明不同运行条件下的污泥菌群均以短杆菌、球型菌为主.高通量测序结果表明,Shannon指数EGSB反应器为7.52高于UASB反应器为7.18;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是两个反应器各阶段污泥的主要菌门,浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)从接种时的3.30%增到第384d的12.30%(EGSB)和13.30%(UASB).EGSB反应器中的主要厌氧氨氧化菌属为Candidatus Brocadia占7.53%,其次为Candidatus Kuenenia属占1.61%;而在UASB反应器中Candidatus Brocadia属和Candidatus Kuenenia属分别占比为3.69%和7.54%,Candidatus Kuenenia是其优势厌氧氨氧化菌属.优势菌群丰度与环境因子变化存在联系,Candidatus Brocadia丰度与上升流速(v)、氮容积去除负荷(NRR)呈正相关而与水力停留时间(HRT)呈负相关,Candidatus Kuenenia与氮负荷去除率(NRE)、NRR、HRT呈正相关,而与v呈负相关.     

近15年我国土壤抗生素污染特征与生物修复研究进展

近年来,抗生素及其抗性基因(ARGs)污染问题受到国内外学者的广泛关注,土壤作为抗生素和ARGs迁移转化重要的汇给土壤生物和人类健康带来了威胁.从近15年的相关调查研究结果来看,全国各地土壤遭受了不同程度的抗生素污染.生物修复是一种绿色且环保的修复技术,在治理抗生素污染土壤方面有着巨大的潜力.通过综述近15年我国土壤抗生素污染的时空变化特征,总结植物、动物和微生物在抗生素污染土壤修复方面的应用,特别介绍了微生物电化学系统在消减土壤中抗生素和ARGs的研究进展,并指出了相关研究存在的不足和未来发展的方向,以期为土壤污染修复提供科学依据.     

菌渣与化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的影响

菌渣是一种独特而丰富的有机物料,与化肥配施不仅能改良土壤质量还可以调控微生物群落.然而,土壤细菌和真菌对菌渣与化肥配施的响应是否一致仍不清楚.在水稻田间长期定位试验条件下,设置化肥水平(C)0%、 50%和100%,菌渣相对用量(F)0%、 50%和100%各3个水平,共9个处理,对土壤肥力与微生物群落的相关指标进行测定.结果表明,土壤全氮(TN)在C₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,碳氮比(C/N)、全磷(TP)、可溶性碳(DOC)和有效磷(AP)在C₁₀₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,土壤有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)和pH在C₅₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,较对照分别增加了55.56%、 26.18%、 26.46%、 17.13%、 279.54%、 85.57%、 41.61%、 29.33%和4.62%.菌渣与化肥配施后,不同处理土壤细菌和真菌α-多样性存在显著变化,与对照C₀F₀处理相比较,各处理细菌β-多样性...     

短期氮添加对黄土高原人工刺槐林土壤有机碳组分的影响

人类活动背景下,氮(N)沉降持续影响着生态系统的碳循环.氮沉降对土壤有机碳的影响与不同碳组分的差异性响应有关.为探究短期氮沉降背景下土壤有机碳组分变化及其影响因素,基于野外氮添加试验,以刺槐人工林为研究对象,共设置4个氮添加梯度：0(CK)、1.5(N1)、3(N2)和6(N3) g·(m²·a)^-1,分别在6月和9月进行取样,测定土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和酶活性.结果表明：(1)外源氮输入降低了土壤pH,促进可溶性有机碳含量的增加,增加了土壤氮素有效性.(2)短期氮添加显著降低了土壤有机碳含量,且有机碳各组分对氮添加响应不同.其中,易氧化有机碳含量显著降低,且在N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了54.4%和48.2%,惰性有机碳含量增加,但增加不显著.氮添加降低了土壤碳库活度,提高了土壤碳库的稳定性.土壤碳库活度分别在N3和N2处理下达到最低,与对照相比分别降低了53.3%和52.80%.(3)随机森林模型表明,短期氮添加下土壤微生物生物量化学计量比、微生物生物量碳和AP是驱动土壤有机碳活度变化的关键因子,分别解释了易氧化有机碳和惰...