Abundance and diversity of the phyllosphere bacterial communities of Mediterranean perennial plants that differ in leaf chemistry

Summary.  We studied the epiphytic bacterial communities of the summer leaves of eight perennial species naturally occurring in a Mediterranean ecosystem. The species differ in essential-oil content (from rich in essential oil to non-producers) and composition, and also in life form (from herbaceous species to tall shrubs). We compared the epiphytic bacterial communities on the basis of (i) their abundance, (ii) their metabolic profile (derived by use of the BIOLOG Ecoplate system) and (iii) richness and diversity of substrates that they use, as a measure of functional diversity. Among all species, the aromatic Melissa officinalis was the most abundantly colonized. The bacterial communities on the leaves of the aromatic Myrtus communis, Calamintha nepeta and Melissa officinalis, and also of Cistus incanus catabolized all 31 substrates offered; those on the evergreen-sclerophyllous species, Arbutus unedo and Quercus coccifera, catabolized only 14 and 17 substrates, respectively. Carbohydrates were consistently used abundantly by all communities, whereas carboxylic acids were most variably used. On average, the group of aromatic plants scored higher regarding bacterial abundance, and richness and diversity of substrates used by the bacterial communities on their leaves; the lowest values for both substrate-use indices were recorded in A. unedo. Bacterial abundance or richness or diversity of substrates used did not vary with leaf oil content. Abundance was positively correlated with both substrate-use indices. Results support claims that the antimicrobial effects of essential oils are not exerted so much under natural conditions as reports based on biassays with pathogens usually show. Although essential oils play a part in the microbial colonization of the phyllosphere, it is not likely that inhibition of phyllosphere bacteria is essential oils’ primary role, at least in the Mediterranean environment.     

不同环境条件下偶氮染料酸性大红GR的生物降解性能

为了考察不同环境条件下偶氮染料酸性大红GR生物降解性能,采用已驯化的混合菌群作为接种液进行偶氮染料酸性大红GR脱色试验。结果表明,微氧条件下(静置敞口培养),偶氮染料酸性大红GR脱色效果最佳,染料脱色主要发生在菌体的对数生长期。混合菌群对pH、温度适应范围较广,pH为3.32~9.18,温度在20℃~37℃范围内均可以获得较好脱色效果,脱色率均在80%以上。微氧条件下酸性大红GR降解历程表明,偶氮基整个共轭系统被破坏,生成了一种新的结构,使原有的某些精细结构在二阶导数光谱中得以表现,由此探讨其生物降解机理。     

东湖沉积物中微生物量与碳、氮、磷的相关性

对武汉东湖3个采样点柱状沉积物中总氮、总磷、总有机碳及微生物量的垂向分布进行了测定,并对生源要素与微生物量之间垂向分布的相关性进行了研究.结果表明,东湖柱状沉积物中总有机碳与总氮之间存在明显的同步变化趋势,其含量随着沉积物深度的增加而不断降低,处于纳污区的1号点的各种营养盐含量均显著高于其它各点.沉积物中的有机质有着明显的双重来源,1号点含有较高的陆源有机质成分,而远离排污口部分的2号和3号点的有机质来源则以水生生物为主.微生物量在沉积物表层最高,随着沉积物深度的增加而不断下降.微生物量与有机质含量之间存在极显著的相关性,但是受有机质来源不同的影响,微生物量与总氮、总磷之间仅在远离排污口部分存在极显著相关性.     

电磁辐射环境的潜在致突变水平

通过蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验,对微波通信基站和广播电台周围环境电磁辐射水平进行监测,了解了不同电磁辐射强度与蚕豆根尖细胞微核率之间的关系。指出较强电磁辐射水平对蚕豆根尖微核率的形成具有显著影响,电磁辐射环境可能存在潜在的致突变危险。建议国家有关部门应尽快对有关场所中的电磁辐射环境,以及对公众健康影响的问题作深入研究,制定可操作性法规,并明确界定有关场所可执行的标准,使建筑物高层电磁辐射环境污染得到有效地控制和管理。     

Changes in soil microbial community structure associated with two types of genetically engineered plants analyzing by PLFA

With the rapid expansion of GEPs(genetically engineered plants), people are more and more concerned about the ecological risks brought by their release. Assessing the effect of GEPs on soil microbial ecology is indispensable to study their ecological risks. In our study, the phospholipids fatty acid(PLFA) method was used to analyze the microbial community of soil samples collected from fields with two types of GEPs-Bt transgenic com and PVY( potato virus Y) cell protein gene transgenic potato. The principal components analysis(PCA) showed all controls were on the right of related GEPs samples along the PC1 (the first principal component) axis, which means a decrease of fungi in soils with genetically engineered crop since most of PLFAs that are strongly positively correlated with PC1 represent fungi. For samples collected from Bt transgenic cornfield, the ratios of gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria were less than those of controls. For samples of transgenic potato field, these ratios were lower than those of controls when soils were collected from deep layer(20-40 cm), but were higher when soils collected from surface layer(0-20 cm). For soils collected from 0-20 cm, the ratios of fungi to bacteria for all GEPs samples were at the same level. So were such rations for all controls. Changes of soil microbial community in two types of GEPs fields were detected in our study, but the causes and more information still needs further study.     

大肠杆菌总DNA快速提取方法的比较研究

从动物粪便中分离大肠埃希氏杆菌（Escherichia coli）,利用五种不同方法提取大肠埃希氏杆菌的基因组DNA .通过定性、定量分析加以比较 ,确定一套经济、有效的适用于提取大肠埃希氏杆菌基因组DNA的方法--液氮法.以该方法提取的DNA为模板,通过扩增核糖体基因区间序列（16s-23s基因间隔区）可以应用于海水中粪便污染源示踪研究.     

生物还原-化学沉淀去除烟气SO2中Na2 SO3和硫化物的研究

利用硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）和金属离子沉淀剂对烟气SO2进行生物还原-化学沉淀去除,考察了碳源类型、乙酸（碳源）浓度、沉淀剂投加量和反应时间对SO3^2-去除的影响,研究表明,沉淀剂的加入导致SRB转化产生的S^2-能很快生成硫化物沉淀,其它副反应被抑制．乙酸C原子／SO3^2-的浓度比为1时,SO3^2-去除最大．随着沉淀剂投加量的增加,SO3^2-去除率增大．ZnCl2生化反应培养14d后,SO3^2-去除趋于完全．FeCl2生化反应培养7d后,SO3^2-去除趋于完全．     

吸附-降解组合生物系统处理含铜离子城市污水

采用Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞为吸附剂的生物吸附过程组合SBR生物降解系统处理含铜离子城市废水.研究了生物吸附剂Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞的最佳制备条件以及组合系统的运行过程.实验结果表明,在优化的条件下,Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞对铜离子的吸附容量可达87.3mg·g^-1,经生物吸附处理后,污水中Cu²⁺的含量显著降低,尽管残留的Cu²⁺对活性污泥吸附COD的能力尚有一定影响,但已不影响SBR系统对废水中COD的去除效果.研究表明,在活性污泥法处理含铜离子废水前,采用生物吸附技术降低废水中Cu²⁺含量,有利于提高后续活性污泥过程对COD的去除能力.     

淀山湖水质富营养化和微囊藻毒素污染水平

研究淀山湖不同季节水体中总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、pH、水温、透明度(SD)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量和优势藻种等富营养化相关指标;在培养条件下,研究不同温度、光照、氮磷浓度对铜绿微囊藻的生长及微囊藻毒素LR(MC-LR)产生的影响;研究藻细胞密度和微囊藻毒素LR浓度的相关关系.结果表明:淀山湖水质已呈富营养化状态,春末和夏季水质和水文条件适合藻类生长.湖水TN和TP年平均值分别达1.93mg/L和0.18mg/L,TN和TP的年超标率达93.5%和92.2%.TP的高峰期比施肥的高峰期延迟出现约一个月,说明沿湖农业对富营养化指标的影响较大.淀山湖常年生长的藻类分别是蓝绿藻、硅藻、隐藻和裸藻等,夏季水华中可见污染指示藻如微囊藻、鱼腥藻和针杆藻等产毒藻.培养条件下,铜绿微囊藻在25℃和3000lx时生长最快,但产毒量却分别在20℃和5000lx时达到最大值;合适其生长和产毒的氮、磷浓度分别为650μmol/L和6.5μmol/L.现场和实验室条件下,均发现磷为藻类生长的限制因子,微囊藻毒素-LR浓度与藻细胞密度或铜绿微囊藻细胞密度之间存在正相关关系,提示可以用藻细胞密度来估算水中毒素的浓度.     

快速木质纤维素分解菌复合系MC1对秸秆的分解能力及稳定性

以天然水稻秸秆为材料研究了快速降解木质纤维素的细菌复合系MC1对木质纤维素的分解能力;并在不同条件保藏、高温处理以及利用变性梯度胶电泳(DGGE)技术研究了复合系的稳定性.结果表明,复合系MC1在50℃液体静止培养条件下8～10d,把培养液2%干重的水稻秸秆完全分解溶化;经过9d的培养,水稻秸秆的总干重减少81%,其中纤维素减少99%,半纤维素减少74%,木质素减少51%.连续继代培养4a、常温干燥保存4a、-20℃冷冻藏4a、培养液直接在室温和4℃保存1a、90℃处理30min仍具旺盛的分解能力并稳定传代.平板培养基培养证明MC1全部由细菌组成,16SrDNA变性梯度胶电泳(DGGE)检测结果,在6个月内主要条带几乎没有变化,说明MC1的菌种组成相当稳定.MC1对纤维素的分解利用具重要前景.