油田回注水中硫酸盐还原原核生物的快速检测和群落结构分析

利用荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,采用荧光标记的rRNA探针及其组合对胜利油田胜利采油厂回注水中硫酸盐还原原核生物(Sulfate reducing prokaryotes,SRPs,包括硫酸盐还原细菌和硫酸盐还原古菌)进行检测,分析了该回注水中SRPs群落结构.结果表明:SRPs在胜利油田回注水中具有极高的种群多样性,广泛分布于4个细菌门和1个古菌门;总数可达2.86×104个/mL,占回注水中总微生物细胞的20%左右;其中优势菌属为脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)和脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum),分别占回注水微生物总细胞数的8.71%(±4.45%),和12.15%(±3.90%).Desulfobacterales和Syntrophobacterales这2个目中的SRPs,Thermodesulfobacteriales以及Thermodesulfovibro属的SRPs分别占样品微生物总量的7.59%(±2.92%),3.57%(±1.39%)和2.32%(±0.80%).除此之外,也检测到了占微生物总量4.29%(±1.75%)的Archaeoglobus属的SRPs,证明了古菌类SRPs是回注水中一个不容忽视的硫酸盐还原微生物种群.FISH法能够快速、准确地检测回注水中SRPs数量,解析SRPs群落结构.     

水解酸化-好氧法处理油田废水机理研究

采用水解酸化-好氧法对经物化预处理的油田废水进行试验研究.当进水COD为190～220 mg·L^-1时,水解酸化段和好氧段停留时间均为10h的条件下,出水COD为65～75 mg·L^-1,达到GB3550-83第一级Ⅰ类标准.运用GC/MS技术分析油田废水有机污染物在工艺流程中相对组分变化的规律,揭示了水解酸化-好氧法处理油田废水过程中的污染物迁移和降解规律.并运用PCR-DGGE技术,考察不同生物反应器内微生物种群及其分布特征,初步确定水解酸化和好氧反应器内的优势菌种.     

水力停留时间对活性污泥系统的硝化性能及其生物结构的影响

利用微生物呼吸醌指纹谱图结合传统分析方法研究了水力停留时间(HRT从30 h逐步缩短至5 h)对活性污泥硝化性能及种群结构的影响.结果表明,对于NH₄⁺-N浓度为500 mg·L^-1的废水,在HRT≥20 h时,氨氮去除率可达98%以上.若继续缩短HRT,污泥流失严重,尽管进水NH₄⁺-N浓度降低,出水NH₄⁺-N和NO₂     

Impact of Carbon Storage Through Restoration of Drylands on the Global Carbon Cycle

   Using estimates of land suitable for restoration in woodlands, grasslands, and deserts, as well as estimates of the rate at which restoration can proceed, we estimate that carbon storage in these biomes can range up to 0.8 billion tons of carbon per year (Gt C/yr), for a combination of land management strategies. This corresponds to a reduction in atmospheric buildup of 0.5 Gt C/yr, which represents up to 15% of the average annual atmospheric carbon buildup in the next century, 3.5 Gt C/yr, assuming the IPCC 92d scenario. A global strategy for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration will require the implementation of multiple options. The advantage of carbon storage in restored drylands is that it comes as a side benefit to programs that are also justifiable in terms of land management.     

地震复杂性成因的数值模拟

以最简单的弹簧滑块模型为理论基础,由完全确定性的动力学公式出发,采用细胞自动机技术,研究模拟地震序列时、空、强复杂性的成因。当模型中仅有非线性动力学因素时,模拟序列的时空强特征十分复杂,当引入弹性结构的不均匀性,模拟大事件的空间和强度特征明显受控于断层的不均匀性。由模拟结果推测认为地震的复杂性是由于地球的不均匀性和断层破裂的非线性动力学相互作用而引起的。     

利用固定化细胞技术处理废水研究进展

固定化细胞技术是一门新兴的废水处理技术。与固定化酶技术相比,固定化细胞技术保持了原有的多酶系统,对于需要多酶顺序作用的反应更具优势,且不需要辅酶再生。其缺点是必须使用胞内酶,且难以去除细胞内的“副作用”酶。介绍了目前常见的四类固定化方法(即吸附法、包埋法、共价结合法和交联法)、三类固定化细胞载体材料(即有机高分子载体、无机载体和复合载体)以及该方法在废水处理中的应用,并提出了在应用中有待解决的问题。     

微生物絮凝剂

介绍了微生物絮凝剂ＮＯＣ－１的性质，絮凝性能，应用和生产方法。该絮凝剂是一种安全无毒，无二次污染的新一代絮凝剂，具有良好的絮凝作用和脱色性能，能抑制污泥膨胀，其研究开发具有广阔的前景。     

TOXIC EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM AND SHALE JP-4 AND JP-8 AVIATION FUELS ON FATHEAD MINNOWS1

ABSTRACT: Static 96-hour median lethal concentrations were determined for the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of both petroleum-derived and shale-derived avaiation fuels (JP-4 and JP-8) using fathead minnows. JP-8 was more toxic than JP-4 except for one shale JP-4 sample that was as toxic as the JP-8. Petroleum and shale JP-8 were similar in toxicity. The toxicity of shale JP-4 was less clear. Shale JP-4 from three vendor sources revealed differing toxicity values. One shale JP-4 sample was more toxic and one less toxic than its petroleum analogue, with the third being equally toxic. Toxicity of the fuels may be enhanced by compounds in the WSF that correspond to chemicals containing 10 or more carbon atoms.     

Marine Eutrophication: A Proposed Data Analysis Procedure For Assessing Spatial Trends

A methodology for the discrimination of the different trophic levels at a spatial scale in the marine environment is proposedusing spatial analysis methods and non-parametric statistics. Phytoplankton cell number, being a representative parameter to express trophic trends in the marine ecosystem is selected forthe methodology development; Saronicos Gulf, Greece is used for the case study. The proposed stepwise methodology includes interpolation for assessing the spatial distribution of phytoplankton cell number, division of the Gulf into a number of quadrates, development of a scale characterising trophic levels and finally characterisation of the trophic state ofeach quadrate using non-parametric statistics. The advantages of this methodology and the potential applications in coastal management studies are also discussed.     

Soil resource availability impacts microbial response to organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen inputs

Impacts of newly added organic carbon （C） and inorganic nitrogen （N） on the microbial utilization of soil organic matter are important in determining the future C balance of terrestrial ecosystems. We examined microbial responses to cellulose and ammonium nitrate additions in three soils with very different C and N availability. These soils included an organic soil（ 14.2% total organic C, with extremely high extractable N and low labile C）, a forest soi1（4.7% total organic C, with high labile C and extremely low extractable N）, and a grassland soil（1.6% total organic C, with low extractable N and labile C）. While cellulose addition alone significantly enhanced microbial respiration and biomass C and N in the organic and grassland soils, it accelerated only the microbial respiration in the highly-N limited forest soil. These results indicated that when N was not limited, C addition enhanced soil respiration by stimulating both microbial growth and their metabolic activity, New C inputs lead to elevated C release in all three soils, and the magnitude of the enhancement was higher in the organic and grassland soils than the forest soil. The addition of cellulose plus N to the forest and grassland soils initially increased the microbial biomass and respiration rates, but decreased the rates as time progressed. Compared to cellulose addition alone, cellulose plus N additions increased the total C-released in the grassland soil, but not in the forest soil. The enhancement of total C- released induced by C and N addition was less than 50% of the added-C in the forest soil after 96 d of incubation, in contrast to 87.5% and 89.0% in the organic and grassland soils. These results indicate that indigenous soil C and N availability substantially impacts the allocation of organic C for microbial biomass growth and/or respiration, potentially regulating the turnover rates of the new organic C inputs.