饮用水砂滤池中微生物对微量污染物的降解潜力与途径

砂滤池已广泛应用于饮用水处理中,已有研究证明砂滤池能有效降解部分微量污染物,但对其降解途径和降解微生物缺乏深入探讨.据此,本研究首先采集2个实际饮用水厂滤池中的石英砂和锰砂滤料,通过宏基因组分析了滤料对阿替洛尔、阿特拉津、磺胺嘧啶和卡马西平的降解基因和相关降解微生物.结果表明,锰砂滤池生丝微菌科和石英砂滤池中的假单胞菌属具有将阿特拉津转化为羟基阿特拉津的潜力;砂滤池含多种分泌阿替洛尔酰胺水解酶的微生物,具有将阿替洛尔转换为阿替洛尔酸的能力;在滤池中广泛存在单、双加氧酶和细胞色素P450,能将阿特拉津、磺胺嘧啶和卡马西平氧化.进一步通过培养实验验证了滤料对这4种微量污染物的降解途径.本研究最后对其它9个实际水厂砂滤池滤料的宏基因组分析发现所有砂滤池都含有丰富的酰胺水解酶、加氧酶和细胞色素P450,说明饮用水砂滤池都具有降解多种微量污染物的潜力.     

投加颗粒活性炭和二氧化锰对剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响

厌氧系统添加碳和金属纳米材料是强化厌氧消化的有效策略.为考察投加GAC和MnO₂对剩余污泥厌氧消化过程的影响,设置了空白组（R0）、GAC组（R1）、MnO₂组（R2）以及GAC/MnO₂组（R3）4组间歇实验,研究GAC和MnO₂的投加对剩余污泥厌氧消化效率、微生物活性和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,反应器运行28 d后,与R0相比,R1和R3的产CH₄速率分别提高了68.18%和51.35%,R2的产CH₄量降低了21.25%.GAC和MnO₂的单独或者混合投加,对厌氧发酵过程均有促进作用.Mn²⁺与剩余污泥释放的磷酸盐生成磷酸盐沉淀对厌氧代谢通道的阻塞作用,造成R2产CH₄效率变低.GAC优良导电性、吸附能力和MnO₂/Mn²⁺的催化作用是R3产CH₄效率增强的主要原因.正常代谢条件下,投加GAC、MnO₂和GAC/MnO₂均可以提高污泥厌氧消化系统微生物活性.微生物群落分析表明,GAC和MnO₂促进了产甲烷菌Methanobacterium和Methanosaeta的富集,强化了发酵细菌和产甲烷菌的种间电子传递,促进了剩余污泥厌氧发酵过程和CH₄的产生.     

施用生物炭对塿土土壤微生物代谢养分限制和碳利用效率的影响

土壤微生物代谢对土壤养分循环和生态系统的稳定至关重要.为明确施加生物炭对土壤微生物代谢养分限制和碳利用效率(carbon use efficiency, CUE)的长效影响机制,于2012年将果树树干、枝条生物炭(450℃、限氧条件下裂解)以不同用量(0、 20、 40、 60和80 t·hm~(-2))施入塿土,与耕层土壤(0～20cm)混匀,小麦玉米轮作7 a后,通过生态酶化学计量学对土壤微生物代谢养分限制特征进行了定量分析和比较.结果表明:①随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比显著提高,碳氮磷活性组分、微生物生物量碳氮磷和总磷未表现出明显的规律性,而5种胞外酶活性(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、亮氨酸氨基多肽酶、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和磷酸酶)显著降低.②所有处理土壤微生物均受磷限制;在施加生物炭各处理中,随施用量的增加微生物代谢碳和磷限制显著提高,微生物CUE显著降低;当生物炭施用量为20 t·hm~(-2)时,碳限制(0.625±0.022)和磷限制(62.153°±0.892°)最低,微生物CUE(0.511±0.007)最高.③偏最小二乘路径建模分析表明,土壤碳氮磷及其元素化学计量比对磷限制产生了直接的极显著正效应(P0.01),碳限制与磷限制呈正相关关系(R~2=0.242,P0.001),而碳磷限制又对CUE产生了极显著的负效应(P0.001).综上,过量施用生物炭使土壤元素化学计量失衡是导致土壤微生物代谢磷限制加剧的重要因素,继而诱导了微生物碳限制的增强和CUE的降低.当生物炭施加量为20 t·hm~(-2)时,微生物代谢所受碳磷限制最低,且具有最高的微生物CUE,对于调节土壤微生物代谢、维持生态功能和减少微生物二氧化碳排放最优.     

DNBF-O3-GAC组合工艺深度脱除氮磷及代谢产物

为提高污水厂尾水水质,本研究采用新型缓释碳源复配海绵铁、活性炭作为反硝化生物滤池的复合填料,分别以模拟二级处理出水和实际污水厂尾水为进水,考察了复合缓释碳源填料反硝化生物滤池-臭氧-活性炭(DNBF-O_3-GAC)组合工艺同步脱氮除磷及去除微生物代谢产物的性能,并借助Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析了反硝化生物滤池生物膜中的微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,组合工艺取得了较好的脱氮除磷及微生物代谢产物的效果:模拟配水阶段和实际尾水阶段NO_3~--N平均去除率分别达到88.87%、79.99%;TP平均去除率分别达到87.67%、65.51%;UV254平均去除率分别达到45.51%、49.23%.组合工艺各处理单元具有不同的功能:NO_3~--N、TN、TP、TFe的变化主要发生在反硝化生物滤池反应器中;UV254、三维荧光强度的变化主要发生在臭氧-活性炭反应器中.微生物在属水平进行聚类分析结果表明,反硝化脱氮系统存在硫自养反硝化菌和异养反硝化菌,当实际尾水阶段碳源相对不足时,硫自养反硝化作用有了显著加强,Thiobacillus(硫杆菌属)的占比由7.44%上升至29.62%,硫自养反硝化与异养反硝化形成的这种互补作用延长了新型缓释碳源的使用周期.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon (c-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type c-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 m) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type macrocrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type μc-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 μm) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

Absolute dominance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in full-scale anaerobic sewage sludge digesters

Anaerobic digestion （AD） is gaining increasing attention due to the ability to covert organic pollutants into energy-rich biogas and, accordingly, growing interest is paid to the microbial ecology of AD systems. Despite extensive efforts, AD microbial ecology is still limitedly understood, especially due to the lack of quantitative information on the structures and dynamics of AD microbial communities. Such knowledge gap is particularly pronounced in sewage sludge AD processes although treating sewage sludge is among the major practical applications of AD. Therefore, we examined the microbial communities in three full-scale sewage sludge digesters using qualitative and quantitative molecular techniques in combination： denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Eight out of eleven bacterial sequences retrieved from the DGGE analysis were not affiliated to any known species while all eleven archaeal sequences were assigned to known methanogen species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that, based on the 16S rRNA gene abundance, the hydrogenotrophic order Methanomicrobiales is the most dominant methanogen group （〉 94% of the total methanogen population） in all digesters. This corresponds well to the prevailing occurrence of the DGGE bands related to Methanolinea and Methanospirillum, both belonging to the order Methanomicrobiales, in all sludge samples. It is therefore suggested that hydrogenotrophic methanogens, especially Methanomicrobiales strains, are likely the major players responsible for biogas production in the digesters studied. Our observation is contrary to the conventional understanding that aceticlastic methanogens generally dominate methanogen communities in stable AD environments, suggesting the need for further studies on the dominance relationship in various AD systems.     

溶解有机质对微生物异化还原铁过程中砷含量及其形态赋存规律的影响

基于典型的希瓦氏金属还原菌(Shewanella decolorationis S12)和石英砂负载铁砷(As-IOCS)的相互作用,探讨了不同来源及组分溶解有机质和生物/非生物条件下对上述作用过程的影响.结果表明,不同类型及组分溶解有机质(DOM)均能使石英砂上负载的铁砷微生物还原解离/解吸程度得到一定程度的加强.而非生物反应体系中,只有含氧化还原敏感官能团结构的蒽醌类物质(0.1 mmol·L-1AQS)对铁砷的解离/解吸作用产生明显影响.在0.1 mmol·L-AQS和有机络合物(2 mmol·L-1 EDTA)的影响下,使得石英砂上负载铁的微生物异化还原程度加强,导致As(Ⅴ)从石英砂负载铁上的解吸程度也随之得到加强;在未加菌体系中,AQS和EDTA和不同组分的DOM类似,对As(Ⅴ)从IOCS上解吸程度影响微弱.对于As(Ⅲ)来说,只有在AQS的影响下,其含量得到显著增加,这可能是作为氧化还原中介体的AQS,在厌氧的生物/非生物条件下,能促进电子在As不同形态之间的转移,使得高价态As(Ⅴ)向还原态As(Ⅲ)的还原转变更易进行.当S12菌液接种含量增加时,在污泥不同组分DOM的影响下,As(Ⅴ)的解吸程度在反应300h前得到明显加强,而As(Ⅲ)的含量在整个反应期间,均快速上升,表明菌液含量高的体系,微生物铁异化还原过程得以持续进行,同时也促进了As(Ⅴ)向As(Ⅲ)的还原转变.     

土壤微生物对环境胁迫的响应机制

微生物在生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中起重要作用.研究土壤微生物对各种环境胁迫的响应有助于认识微生物对环境变化的适应与演变机理,维持土壤生态系统功能的稳定.土壤微生物群落多样性是衡量土壤生态系统稳定性的一个重要指标.多数研究表明,土壤微生物群落多样性越高,土壤生态系统越稳定.本文在总结土壤微生物群落多样性及其与环境胁迫响应关系的基础上,进一步讨论了土壤微生物对环境胁迫响应的生态学机制,包括:①抗性微生物的出现及抗性基因的水平转移.该过程导致了土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的改变,产生了更多抵抗能力较强的微生物类群,从而达到对外源干扰的适应,使土壤微生物群落对环境胁迫的抵抗力和恢复力随之提高.②土壤微生物群落功能的冗余.这些冗余程度越高,冗余组分缓冲维持生态系统正常功能的能力越强,从而提高微生物群落对环境胁迫的抵抗力和恢复力.研究土壤生态系统的稳定性与微生物多样性之间的关系,不仅有助于揭示土壤生态系统稳定性的内在机制,为合理调控提供科学依据,也可以为土壤环境质量管理提供参考.