氮磷失衡下膨胀污泥性能及膨胀菌群落结构变化

采用高通量测序技术（16S rRNA）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）等方法,重点比较了不同氮磷失衡条件下膨胀污泥性能及群落结构（含膨胀菌）的变化.结果表明,以膨胀污泥为接种污泥（A/O工艺）,经过一段时间培养单独限氮（R_N）组的沉降性能可恢复到SVI<150 mL·g^-1,单独限磷（R_P）组SVI指数呈现相对较弱的改善趋势;正常C/N/P（100：5：1）条件的R₀会导致污泥SVI指数最高（SVI=1496 mL·g^-1）,其次为同时限制氮磷组（R_NP）.正常营养条件下膨胀污泥脂多糖相对含量（LPS/MLVSS）与沉降性能SVI的皮尔逊相关性分析结果存在显著负相关（r=-0.625,P<0.05）;营养限制条件下污泥（膨胀期）LPS对生物量的指示性更为准确.Thiothrix为4组反应器中主导膨胀菌,PCoA的结果显示Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段中存在氮限制的组（R_NP、R_N）群落迁移变化较大,RDA结果显示Thiothrix与污泥沉降性能及比耗氧速率呈现显著相关.     

Cr6+生物可利用度检测的微生物全细胞传感器CB10的构建及其响应特征

为实现重金属污染环境中Cr6+的生物可利用度评价,进而为Cr6+的污染治理提供可靠依据,本研究采用分子生物技术,以重金属广谱抗性菌株Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34的pMOL28质粒上铬抗性调控系统的启动子和调控蛋白基因为传感器调控元件,以北美萤火虫Photinus pyralis的萤火虫荧光素酶基因luc为报告基因构建了一种可对Cr6+生物可利用度进行检测的微生物全细胞传感器CB10,并探究了其在不同检测条下的响应特征.结果表明,微生物全细胞传感器CB10在30 min内即可响应一定浓度的Cr6+;其对Cr6+的检测最低限LOD为2μmol·L-1;当Cr6+的浓度为20～200μmol·L-1时,CB10的响应能力与Cr6+浓度线性相关,进而传感器CB10可对该范围内的Cr6+生物可利用度进行定量分析(R2=0.980 55);当重金属诱导浓度为10～50μmol·L-1时,CB10对Cr6+具有较强的响应特异性;本研究也发现,较高浓度的Pb2+、Mn2+和Sb2+也可以产生对CB10的诱导能力;诱导温度为30℃,pH为7时,CB10的响应效率最高;诱导温度为15～30℃,pH为4～7时,CB10响应能力表现稳定.CB10具备较强的响应速率、灵敏度、特异性和稳定性,具备对水体重金属进行快速检测和土壤重金属的生物可利用进行评价的潜力.     

可燃气体空间置换限值研究

在全面解析三元组分图构成要素和含义的基础上,分析可燃物质设备投用和停用过程中惰化置换的机理和浓度限值。可燃气体空间置换限值包括设备投用惰化置换时氧气的最高容许浓度(ISOC)和设备停用惰化置换时可燃气体的最高容许浓度(OSFC),二者可由试验和公式计算2种方式获得。与目前惰化置换时通常参照的限制氧浓度(LOC)、燃烧下限(LFL)等参数相比,ISOC和OSFC值可以更准确地表征惰化置换时临界浓度的意义。通过对部分可燃物质的ISOC和OSFC试验值及计算值进行对比分析,证明以LOC为依据计算出的ISOC和OSFC值与试验值具有更高的符合性;指出目前国内惰化置换浓度控制值采用统一规定值这一方式的不足;证明合理利用LFL,LOCI,SOC,OSFC等参数开展可燃气体密闭空间置换限值研究的科学合理性。     

生物质秸秆成型燃料的制备、应用与市场

介绍了国内外生物质能源技术的应用及生物质燃料的研发制备情况,分析了目前生物质燃料制备技术、资源化利用的现状以及存在的问题,针对符合中国国情的生物质(秸秆)成型燃料生产技术及市场需求进行了分析探讨。     

Filtration of Lignin from a Lignocellulose-Based Ethanol Pilot Plant

Abstract An increasing demand for bio-based vehicle fuels and impending harsher regulations of CO2 emissions are driving the development of a second generation of ethanol fuel processes. These processes will increase yields and make new feedstocks available, as they are designed to handle lignocellulosic materials such as wood. In order to achieve a sound financial economy of such a process, as well as an acceptable degree of energy efficiency, it is of the utmost importance that the lignin produced has a high dry content. An experimental study was conducted on lignin slurry from a pilot plant in the north of Sweden, in which the lignin slurry was filtered, pressed, and characterized. The dewatering was evaluated with the classical filtration equation by determining the average specific filtration resistance of the filter cakes. Compared with previous work, relatively low values of the specific filtration resistance were obtained. It is probable that the low values were an effect of the high amount of cel...     

Using a fire propagation model to assess the efficiency of prescribed burning in reducing the fire hazard

We examined how fire hazard was affected by prescribed burning and fuel recovery over the first six years following treatment. Eight common Mediterranean fuel complexes managed by means of prescribed burning in limestone Provence (South-Eastern France) were studied, illustrating forest and woodland, garrigue and grassland situations. The coupled atmosphere-wildfire behaviour model FIRETEC was used to simulate fire behaviour (ROS, intensity) in these complex vegetations. The temporal threshold related to the effectiveness of prescribed burning in reducing the fire hazard was assessed from derivated fuel dynamics after treatment. The study showed that prescribed burning treatment was effective for the first two years in most of the Mediterranean plant communities analysed. Thereafter, all forests and shrublands were highly combustible with a fire line intensity of more than 5000 kW/m except for pine stands with or without oak (medium intensity of 2000 kW m⁻¹ 3 years after treatment). Low fire line intensity (900 kW m⁻¹) was obtained for grassland which was entirely treatment-independent since the resprouter hemicryptophyte, Brachypodium retusum, is highly resilient to fire. Fire behaviour was greatly affected by fuel load accumulation of Quercus ilex in woodland, and by standing necromass of Rosmarinus officinalis in treated garrigue. Pure pine stands with shrub strata similar to garrigue showed a lower fire intensity due to wind speed decrease at ground level under tree canopy, underlining the advantage of maintaining a proportion of canopy cover in strategic fuel-break zones.     

不同母岩区马尾松人工林土壤酶活性及微生物学性质研究

红壤丘陵区马尾松人工林对土壤性质有重要影响。研究马尾松长期种植对该区主要母岩（花岗岩、第四纪红黏土和红砂岩）发育土壤酶活性及微生物学性质的影响。微生物性质结果显示,土壤微生物生物量碳氮在花岗岩区较高,但有机碳在第四纪红黏土区矿化相对强烈;0～20 cm土层,花岗岩区和红砂岩区土壤有机碳相对趋向累积,而20～40 cm土层,第四纪红黏土区土壤有机碳相对累积;花岗岩区林地土壤微生物群落相对稳定,且0～20 cm层土壤微生物群落真菌较多。转化酶活性和脲酶活性在花岗岩和第四纪红黏土区较高;酸性磷酸酶活性在第四纪红黏土区显著较高;各母岩区土壤多酚氧化酶活性无显著性差异;过氧化氢酶活性在花岗岩区显著较高;因此,在马尾松与土壤长期作用下,花岗岩区土壤微生物群落稳定性,生化强度较高,相对适宜马尾松林种植。     

青岛近海生物气溶胶中总微生物的分布特征

为了解生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度的月季分布和粒径分布特征,于2016年9月～2017年7月期间在青岛近海连续采集了大气生物气溶胶分级样品,并利用DAPI染色-荧光显微镜计数方法测定了生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度.结果表明,采样期间青岛近海生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度范围为1. 86×10~5～2. 54×10~6cells·m~(-3),平均值为(6. 84±4. 83)×10~5cells·m~(-3).大气中总微生物浓度的季节变化为春季和冬季较高,夏季较低,秋季最低,统计分析显示秋季和春季、夏季大气中总微生物浓度具有明显的季节变化差异(P 0. 05).生物气溶胶中总微生物月均浓度在2. 65×10~5～1. 12×10~6cells·m~(-3)之间,最高值出现在2017年2月,最低值出现在2016年9月. 2015～2017年青岛秋冬季大气中总微生物浓度一日中变化较大,但并未呈现出明显的日变化规律(P 0. 05).生物气溶胶中总微生物的粒径分布呈现偏态分布, 7. 0μm粒径所占比例最高,可达20. 5%～27. 3%;粒径分布随月份不同而有变化,呈现双峰分布和偏态分布两类.相关性分析显示,总微生物浓度与AQI、CO、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)等因子呈显著正相关(P 0. 05),与温度、风速和风向等气象因素以及NO_2、SO_2和O_3等因子无显著相关(P 0. 05).多元线性回归模拟结果显示,生物气溶胶总微生物浓度中20. 6%的变化与相对湿度和PM_(2.5)相关.     

Assessment of Residential Rain Barrel Water Quality and Use in Cincinnati,Ohio1

The collection, storage, and reuse of rainwater collected in rain barrels from urban rooftop areas assists municipalities in achieving stormwater management objectives and in some areas also serves as an adjunct resource for domestic water supplies. In this study, rainwater reuse and levels of select microbial indicators were monitored for six residential rain barrels located in the Shepherd Creek watershed of Cincinnati, Ohio. Water from rain barrels typically had poor microbial quality and was used for watering indoor and outdoor plants. Rain barrel water chemistry was slightly acidic, exhibited wide ranges in conductivity, turbidity, and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and gave no evidence of the presence of cyanobacterial microcystin toxins. Selected microbial water‐quality indicators indicated that counts of total coliform and enterococci were consistently above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards for secondary recreational contact water‐quality standards. Residential rain barrels can provide water appropriate for low‐contact reuses (such as plant watering), although there may be transient periods of high levels of indicator bacteria in the collected water.     

Application of integrated micro sensor in internal measurement of high temperature fuel cell

This study developed an integrated (flow, voltage, and temperature) micro sensor using the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. It was inserted into the high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) for local real-time measurement. The integrated micro sensor is made of 40 µm thick stainless steel base material, and its protective layer is formed by polyimide (PI) that has better temperature resistance. The integrated micro sensor has three functions, and is favorably characterized by small size, good acid resistance and temperature resistance, quick response, real-time measurement, and being able to be put in any place for measurement. After calibration, and its reliability confirmed, the integrated micro sensor is inserted into the HT-PEMFC for local microcosmic measurement.