林下凋落物去除与施氮对针叶林和阔叶林土壤氮的影响

通过野外模拟试验,选择中亚热带针叶林(杉木林)和阔叶林(浙江桂林和罗浮栲林)森林生态系统,设3个施氮水平CK(对照)、低氮〔30kg/(hm2·a) 〕和高氮〔100kg/(hm2·a)〕及2个凋落物处理,研究施氮对土壤主要形态氮质量分数的影响、动态变化及凋落物在其中的作用. 结果表明:与CK相比,高氮处理可瞬时(3d)提高森林土壤氮质量分数,但施氮后持续效应的影响降低. 与保留凋落物相比,去除凋落物在施氮的持续效应中,可降低阔叶林土壤w(铵态氮)18.2%,而杉木林土壤的氮质量分数则略有升高.去除凋落物下施氮的持续和瞬时效应可增加各种林下土壤的w(硝态氮),其中浙江桂林土壤w(硝态氮)分别增加58.9%和38.2%,罗浮栲林土壤分别增加7.0%和30.0%,杉木林土壤分别增加-17.1%和9.0%. 可见凋落物在施氮连续事件中存在复杂的短期和长期相互影响. 阔叶林土壤w(SON)(SON为可溶性有机氮)较高,并且其微生物w(SON)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于杉木林土壤,而杉木林土壤微生物w(铵态氮)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于阔叶林土壤.      

盐度对MFC产电及其微生物群落的影响

本文研究了模拟废水中不同盐度对微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell, MFC)性能的影响.当向MFC中依次添加0,20,40,60,70g/L NaCl时,MFC的最大输出电压从660mV下降到130mV,库仑效率也从67%下降到4%.如果向MFC中直接添加40g/L和70g/L NaCl并运行两个周期后,MFC无电能输出,然而,停止添加NaCl(盐度解除)后MFC产电性能能够在60h内恢复.此外,当盐度高于40g/L NaCl时,阳极微生物群落发生明显的变化.研究结果可为MFC或其他生物反应器处理盐度废水提供一定的依据.     

EGSB处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液及其微生物群落变化

研究了处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液的膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器在超负荷运行前后厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物群落结构变化.在实验室启动并运行了处理垃圾焚烧渗沥液的EGSB反应器,逐渐提高反应器的有机负荷(OLR),当OLR为23.1kgCOD/(m3×d)时,COD去除率保持在93%以上.当OLR继续升至24.5kgCOD/(m3×d)时,COD去除率迅速下降至73.9%,且出水挥发酸大量增高,反应器进入超负荷运行状态.对反应器中厌氧颗粒污泥进行克隆文库分析,发现经过11d的超负荷运行,污泥中的微生物群落结构发生了明显的变化,古菌的优势菌从产甲烷髦毛菌(含量为68.4%)变为产甲烷微菌(含量为51.9%);细菌的优势菌一直是低GC革兰氏阳性菌(含量约56%),且大多数属于具有形成芽孢特性的Clostridiales目.EGSB反应器超负荷运行导致乙酸营养型古菌大量死亡,小分子有机酸大量积累,处理效率急剧下降.     

Assessment of soil quality under different tillage practices during wheat cultivation: soil enzymes and microbial biomass

Microbial processes, particularly enzyme activities, play crucial functional roles in soil ecology, hence serving as sensitive indicators of soil quality. We assessed the temporal dynamics of microbial biomass and selected soil enzymes (β-d-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, polyphenol oxidase, urease, glycine-aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase) during wheat cultivation, under four different tillage practices in the rice–wheat system. The four practices involved conventional tilling of soil before cultivating each crop (CTR-CTW); no tilling before cultivating rice but conventional tillage before wheat (NTR-CTW); conventional tilling before cultivating rice but no tilling before wheat (CTR-NTW) and no tilling before cultivation of each crop (NTR-NTW). Microbial biomass and activities of hydrolytic enzymes increased under NTR-NTW followed by CTR-NTW and NTR-CTW with respect to the conventional practice CTR-CTW, thus reflecting improvement in microbial activities with reduced tillage frequency. Enzyme activities generally depended on soil moisture and temperature, but nature of relationships varied among different practices. Nutrient demand appeared to be the strongest driver of alkaline phosphatase and urease, and soil temperature for glycine-aminopeptidase. Under CTR-CTW, activities of most of the extracellular enzymes were related with β-d-glucosidase or urease, but such relations altered under rest of the practices. The study showed that extracellular soil enzymes respond sensitively to tillage practices as well as environmental variables, particularly soil temperature and moisture and hence can serve as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil processes. Considering improvement in microbial biomass and enzymatic activities as indicators of better soil quality, adoption of no tillage apparently improved soil quality. Still, more number of field studies are required under tillage managements to explore the relationships between different enzyme activities and environmental factors.     

Contamination levels and state assessment in the lakes of the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon (North-Eastern Sicily,Italy)

The Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon, located in North-Eastern Sicily (Italy) and composed of six lakes, is subject to continuous environmental changes. An integrated study focusing on sediment features and levels of contamination was carried out for three of the six lakes, which are of ancient origin: Verde, Mergolo della Tonnara and Marinello. A high primary production (26.89 μg l^?1) was detected at Lake Verde; texture classification showed a typical grain size in the sediments of all lakes; the study of macronutrients highlighted 17.08 of total carbon in sediments from Lake Mergolo della Tonnara; toxic elements were detected at higher concentrations in the sediments of Lake Marinello in comparison to the others, while arsenic was found in high concentrations in all the samples tested, especially in Lake Verde, with a mean value of 17.25 mg kg^?1 dry weight (d.w.). All the organic contaminants, except 4, 4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, were below the detection limits in the sediments. Minimal microbiological contamination was found in both water and sediment samples. In the latter, we isolated several bacterial strains thriving in the presence of arsenic, which play a role in the biogeochemical cycle of arsenic. These preliminary results, obtained for the first time using a multidisciplinary approach, provide general information about the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon area.     

间作与接种AMF对连作土壤微生物群落结构与功能的影响

为了探明间作种植模式和接种AMF对连作土壤的影响,试验选取马铃薯连作10年土壤为基质,采用两因素随机区组盆栽实验设计,研究间作及接种AMF对连作土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响。结果表明：在不同间作模式及AMF接种后,连作土壤微生物群落结构、功能均有不同程度的差异。间作调控后马铃薯｜｜玉米｜｜蚕豆处理土壤细菌比例最高,放线菌次之,真菌最低;Biolog Eco板平均颜色变化率（AWCD）比对照高36.77%。间作并接种AMF（Gloumus etunicatum）后,土壤微生物功能多样性增强,土壤真菌的比例上升,细菌、放线菌的比例下降;马铃薯｜｜蚕豆、马铃薯｜｜玉米｜｜蚕豆土壤孢子密度与其他处理有显著差异（P〈0.05）;马铃薯｜｜玉米｜｜蚕豆处理在培养96 h后的平均颜色变化率（AWCD）值比单作高48.96%。各处理土壤根际微生物群落在2种方式的调控下对碳水化合物、氨基酸碳源利用强度较高,对芳香化合物的利用能力较弱;调控后碳源利用类型开始从碳水化合物、胺类化合物向胺类化合物和多聚化合物利用类型转变。间作调控和AMF调控对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的增加可能存在一定的叠加效应。土壤微生物群落结构、功能多样性的变化是多种因子综合作用的结果。     

深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsis isabellina)华2-1产油发酵培养条件优化

为开发微生物油脂资源,从富含油脂的土样中分离获得一株产油脂微生物——深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsisisabellina)华2-1,油脂含量达48.60%.采用单因素和正交实验方法,对深黄伞形霉华2-1的发酵培养条件进行优化研究.优化的培养条件为:葡萄糖100 g/L,酵母粉3 g/L,接种量为20%,初始pH值为5.0～6.0,MgSO4.7H2O和KH2PO4的添加浓度分别为0.5 g/L和2 g/L,培养温度为31℃,最佳发酵培养时间为168 h.华2-1在优化发酵条件下可获得菌体生物量、油脂产量和油脂含量分别为45.86 g/L、24.47 g/L和59.53%,较优化前分别提高了21.48%、33.42%和22.49%.因此,深黄伞形霉华2-1作为微生物油脂生产的新资源具有广阔的应用前景.     

用于水产养殖的微生态制剂的研究和应用进展

随着人们对水产养殖可持续发展的需求不断提高,微生态制剂在其中的应用也越来越广泛.本文综述了近年来国内外应用于水产养殖中的各种微生态制剂的研究及应用情况.从提高水产动物生长性能、改善免疫特性和改善养殖环境等方面总结了微生态制剂中主要益生菌、益生元及合生素等在水产养殖中的应用.同时概述了微生态制剂的安全性问题.对微生态制剂的生产与应用中存在的问题进行了讨论,提出选育优良生产菌株、优化改良生产工艺并加强对水产动物自身肠道菌群、添加剂和环境之间的关系研究有利于促进微生态制剂的生产和应用.     

Sediment microbial fuel cell with floating biocathode for organic removal and energy recovery

A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) with three dimensional floating biocathode (FBC) was developed for the electricity generation and biodegradation of sediment organic matter in order to avoid negative effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in aqueous environments on cathode performance and search cost-effective cathode materials. The biocathode was made from graphite granules with microbial attachment to replace platinum (Pt)-coated carbon paper cathode in a laboratory-scale SMFC (3 L in volume) filled with river sediment (organic content 49±4 g·kg^-1 dry weight). After start-up of 10 days, the maximum power density of 1.00W·m^-3 (based on anode volume) was achieved. The biocathode was better than carbon paper cathode catalyzed by Pt. The attached biofilm on cathode enhanced power generation significantly. The FBC enhanced SMFC performance further in the presence aeration. The SMFC was continuously operated for an over 120-day period. Power generation peaked within 24 days, declined gradually and stabilized at a level of 1/6 peak power output. At the end, the sediment organic matter content near the anode was removed by 29% and the total electricity generated was equal to 0.251 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed.     

皮革废水对ABR分区进水微生物相的影响研究

在制革废水ρ(COD)=3 000～3 200 mg/L,HRT=24 h时,采用六格室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR),在1、3、5格室以5∶3∶2的比例进水,通过COD、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、辅酶F420等指标的变化研究反应器各格室的微生物相分布情况。结果表明:COD和VFA在3,5格室分别出现下降和升高,整体性能稳定,而格室内微生物种群大致相同但优势菌群有所差异,前端格室以产酸菌为主,后端格室以甲烷菌为主。