惠济河底泥重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

连续5 a对惠济河(开封市区段)8个断面的底泥样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd及Cr 5种重金属的浓度进行分析,并采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法、地积累指数法、潜在生态风险指数法进行生态风险评价。监测结果表明:8个断面中除最上游孙李唐庄桥断面底泥未受重金属污染外,其余断面底泥均有不同程度的污染,以皮屯桥断面底泥污染最重,达严重污染。综合污染指数法评价结果表明:惠济河底泥Cd为重度污染,Cu和Pb为轻度污染,Zn为轻微污染,Cr为无污染;除皮屯桥断面底泥综合污染指数高达6.74外,其他断面综合污染指数为0.55~1.89。地积累指数法评价结果表明:惠济河底泥首要重金属污染物为Cd,平均流域地积累指数高达3.50,处于污染等级4,即偏重度污染;此外,Cu、Pb偏中度污染,Zn轻度污染,Cr无污染。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明:惠济河底泥中Cd为强生态危害,其他重金属为轻度生态危害;重金属污染综合评价为强生态危害,这主要是Cd浓度过高造成的,其最高潜在生态风险因子达2 233.50,出现在皮屯桥断面。     

不同混凝剂处理低温低浊水

针对低温低浊水处理难度大的问题进行了一系列的混凝实验,实验结果表明,随着混凝剂投加量的增加,剩余浊度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,单独使用HPAC时,剩余浊度在投加量为14 mg/L时达到最低(2.39 NTU)。pH值对余铝含量具有重要的影响,3种铝系混凝剂均在pH=7.0时余铝含量达到最低。AlCl3对水中有机物的去除率较其他3种混凝剂低。絮体形成与破碎受搅拌强度的影响很大,当破碎强度增加到50 r/min,使用PACl、HPAC、FeCl3作混凝剂时絮体粒径下降不明显,当破碎强度增加到100 r/min时,絮体粒径有明显的下降。破碎结束后,絮体粒径有所恢复,但是并不能增长到破碎前的粒径。PACl、HPAC以及FeCl3形成的絮体的沉降性较好,上覆水浊度下降较快,经过3 h的沉降后,剩余浊度分别达到1.82、1.44和0.97 NTU。     

粘虫颗粒体病毒及其增效因子对粘虫核型多角体病毒的增效作用

生物测定的结果表明,粘虫颗粒体病毒ＰｕＧＶ－Ｐｓ及其增效因子对粘虫核型多角体病毒ＰｓＮＰＶ均有明显的增效作用．粘虫颗粒体病毒不仅能提高粘虫感染ＰｓＮＰＶ的死亡率,而且ＮＰＶ、ＧＶ两种病毒混合感染使粘虫幼虫代谢发育受到抑制,表现为生长缓慢、体重减少等．增效因子的增效作用表现在能显著提高粘虫幼虫的死亡率,降低核型多角体病毒的半致死浓度ＬＣ５０,并缩短半致死时间ＬＴ５０．     

Ammonia as confounding factor in toxicity tests with the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lmk)

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of total ammonia towards sea urchin bioassays, in order to elucidate the role of ammonia as confounding factor in sediment quality assessment studies. New toxicity data, expressed as EC50, NOEC and LOEC are reported for Paracentrotus lividus based on experiments at differing pH values. Results confirmed that sperm cell toxicity test is not very sensitive to ammonia, while total ammonia embryotoxicity is strictly pH dependent. Accurate observations of embryotoxic effects at increasing total ammonia concentrations evidenced progressive shifts from malformed plutei to gastrula and blastula blockages. Toxicity data obtained for P. lividus are comparable with previous results with other echinoid species.     

The correlation of total and extractable heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to maize ( Zea mays L.) plants

A study to understand the mobility and transport of heavy metals (HMs) from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to maize plants was carried out. The total and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)-extractable HMs in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge samples, and the correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge were carried out. Pot experiments were performed to study the transfer of HMs to maize grains, grown in soil (control) and in soil amended with sewage sludge (test samples). The total and extractable HMs in soil, sewage sludge, and maize grains were analysed by FAAS/ETAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometer/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer) after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total contents of Cu, Cd, As and their respective extractable fractions in soil, while in domestic wastewater sludge (DWS) the better correlation was observed only for Ni and Cd. The edible part of maize plants (grains) from test samples presented high concentration of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, As, and Cr concentrations (80.7–85.6, 3.8–3.95, 2.35–2.5, 0.75–0.82, 3.21–3.29, 0.23–0.27, and 0.22–0.29?mg?kg^?1, respectively). Good correlations were found between metals in exchangeable fractions of both soil and DWS and total metals in control and test samples of maize grains. The transfer factor of all HMs from DWS to maize grains was also determined.     

Rainwater composition as a function of the cloud type

The influence of the type of clouds that produce precipitation in the rainwater composition was analyzed. Logroño, a remote station in the North of Spain was chosen for the analyses. Results prove that the rainwater composition from Cumulonimbus is different to the composition of the rainwater from the other clouds. In addition, the source of NO₃ ^? and SO₄ ^2? is studied in the different types of clouds. It is shown that the source is the soil except Stratocumulus formed from Cumulus in which the source is the gas‐particle conversion.     

Assessment of regional ecological security based on ecological footprint and influential factors analysis: a case study of Chongqing Municipality,China

In recent years, it has been important to objectively evaluate the degree of regional ecological security with regard to resource depletion and to analyse influential factors to assess sustainable development. This paper tries to assess ecological security in Chongqing while investigating the main influencing factors. Calculations of the consumption footprint, production footprint and ecological capacity for Chongqing from 1996 to 2007 based on an ecological footprint approach were carried out. An ecological security index was also calculated from these results and factors influencing security were analysed using factor analysis. Both the consumption and production footprints present an upward trend, contrary to the gradually decreasing trend of ecological capacity. In addition, the ecological security index shows that Chongqing has deteriorated from a level of less risk to that of risk. Factor analysis suggests that the deterioration of ecological security could primarily be ascribed to socio-economic factors and industrialisation. With socio-economic development and industrialisation, appropriate measures must be taken to improve the ecosystem in Chongqing so as to achieve sustainable development. The limitations of the methodology are also discussed and areas that require further research are presented.     

Abiotic control on the dissipation of chlorpyrifos spiked in an Udic Ferrisol at a lower dosage

The dissipation routes of chlorpyrifos spiked in an Udic Ferrisol at the dosage of 400 ng g^?1, which represents a residual level after an agricultural application, were studied in a laboratory, using the natural soil under three moisture regimes, sterilised, and organic matter-free soils in the dark at 20°C. The obtained results showed that higher soil moisture caused faster dissipation, and the abiotic and biotic contributions to the total dissipated amount of the applied chlorpyrifos in the soil accounted for 77.3–85.2% and 14.7–22.7%, respectively. In the sterilised soil, the contribution of organic matter to chlorpyrifos dissipation was noticed to account for 95% in the earlier two weeks, and was nearly equal to that of soil minerals two weeks after the incubation.     

影响胃肠间质瘤预后的相关因素

胃肠间质瘤（GIST）是来源于胃肠道间叶组织最常见的一种肿瘤[1],手术切除及术后辅助治疗是目前最主要的治疗方法.由于GIST生物学行为难以预测,术后复发可能性仍较大,找到能够较准确预测CIST预后的相关指标具有重要意义.现我们就胃肠道间质瘤预后相关因素做一综述,为评估术后复发提供更准确的参考.参50.     

灰色关联分析在中国农村家庭碳排放影响因素分析中的应用

农村家庭碳排放影响因素分析的研究对于合理发展农村经济,有效制定农村减排政策具有重要的指导意义.根据IPCC参考方法、生活碳排放研究方法和投入产出基本方法,计算了1995—2010年中国大陆31省区农村人均家庭碳排放量.通过因子分析方法,剔除农村人均家庭碳排放量不显著相关的影响因素,利用灰色关联分析方法对影响农村人均家庭碳排放量的显著相关影响因素进行评价,得出不同驱动因子对碳排放的关联度.结果表明,(1)从时间上看,1995至2010年,农村家庭碳排放呈现出逐渐上升趋势,1995年农村的人均家庭排放量为C 0.170 t?人-1,增加到2010年的0.504 t?人-1,同比增长196.90%.(2)从空间看,东部地区的农村家庭碳排放远远高于中部、东北和西部地区的农村家庭碳排放.(3)从地区差异看,位于东部地区的上海市农村人均家庭碳排放远远高于位于西部地区的内蒙古,1995年上海市农村人均家庭碳排放为C 0.454 t?人-1,而内蒙古为0.145 t?人-1;2010年上海市农村人均家庭碳排放为C 1.351 t?人-1,而内蒙古为0.498 t?人-1.(4)利用灰色关联分析,经济水平指标中的农林牧渔总产值与农村人均家庭碳排放的关联度为最大,为0.9824,因此对农村家庭碳排放的影响最大,而人口指标中的农村人口比例与农村人均家庭碳排放的关联度最小,为0.5702,因此对农村家庭碳排放的影响最小.