Investigation of exhaled pollutant distribution in the breathing microenvironment in a displacement ventilated room with indoor air stability conditions

This study experimentally studied the dispersion of exhaled pollutant in the breathing microenvironment (BM) in a room equipped with a displacement ventilation (DV) system and indoor air stability conditions (i.e., stable and unstable conditions). The vertical temperature differences and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the BM were measured. Results show that when DV is combined with the stable condition (DS), pollutant tends to accumulate in the BM, leading to a high pollutant concentration in this region. Whereas, when DV is combined with the unstable condition (DU), pollutant diffuses to a relatively wider area beyond the BM, thus the pollutant concentration in the BM is substantially reduced. Moreover, increasing the flow rate can reduce the pollutant concentration in the BM of the DS but yields little difference of the DU. In addition, personal exposure intensity increases with time, and the DS has a relatively higher increase rate than DU. The results suggest that indoor air stability will affect the performance of DV systems. DS will lead to a higher health risk for people when they stay in the indoor environment with pollutant sources, and DU is recommended for minimizing pollutant level in the BM in order to reduce the pollutant concentration and providing better air environments for the occupants.     

不同通勤模式暴露于VOCs的健康风险评价

针对国内外交通微环境VOCs健康风险研究中通勤模式和有害挥发物较为单一的不足,选取广州市家庭轿车、空调公共汽车、非空调公共汽车、地铁和自行车这5种通勤模式中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、甲醛、乙醛和丙烯醛等8种VOCs,运用Monte-Carlo模拟方法,进行健康风险评价并对各吸入暴露参数做出敏感性分析.结果表明,空调公交车和家庭轿车的致癌风险较大,分别服从t分布和对数正态分布,为1.65×10~(-5)±5.74×10~(-9)和5.01×10~(-6)±3.56×10~(-11),超过10~(-6)的概率分别为97%和74.85%,自行车和非空调公交车次之,地铁的致癌风险最小,但平均值皆超过10~(-6);家庭轿车和空调公共汽车的非致癌风险较大,服从对数正态分布,分别为2.51±2.74和1.20±1.36,其中丙烯醛的贡献皆在80%以上,骑自行车的非致癌风险较小,预期将不会对人体健康产生威胁;各暴露参数中,对健康风险敏感度较大的依次为:每天的暴露时间(ET)、有害挥发物的浓度(CA)、终生暴露年限(ED)、呼吸速率(IR)和每年的暴露天数(EF),而体重(BW)具有负敏感性.     

城市微环境PM2.5浓度空间分异特征分析

以长沙市主城区为例,在203个地面点通过加密观测并获取PM_2.5浓度小时观测值,辅以同步常规稀疏国控点PM_2.5浓度观测数据,在点、面尺度对比分析加密、稀疏两种观测模式下城市微环境PM_2.5浓度空间分布的特征差异.结果表明：地面加密观测模式下PM_2.5浓度高值区主要集中在道路、地表扬尘、住宅小区、医院和工业园等人群、车辆活动的微环境场景;低值区主要出现在公园景区等高植被覆盖度区域.同一空间点位,地面加密观测PM_2.5浓度值均高于常规稀疏国控点PM_2.5浓度观测值,平均高出29.71μg/m³.反距离权重空间插值制图揭示地面加密观测模式下的PM_2.5浓度呈现明显的西北部高（>75μg/m³）、中部和南部居中（65~75μg/m³）、东部低（<55μg/m³）的三级阶梯式异质特征,剖面分析各向波动较大.相比,稀疏国控观测模式空间分布图仅能反映主城区PM_2.5浓度整体较低（<55μg/m³）、除北-南向之外各向剖面PM_2.5浓度相对无明显变化的格局.与此同时,稀疏国控观测模式在地面加密观测点估算的PM_2.5浓度同样显著低于实际观测值,所揭示的研究区高值PM_2.5浓度微环境为道路、地表扬尘、汽车站.研究结果证实,出于环境保护目标建立的空气质量国控监测点难以精确反映同点位近地面PM_2.5浓度,所识别的城市高低PM_2.5浓度值微环境与真实情景存在偏差,空气质量越优等级下偏差越大.     

黄河三角洲盐碱土根际微环境的微生物多样性及理化性质分析

土壤盐碱化是限制全世界农业发展的主要问题.在盐碱土壤上种植盐生植物和耐盐植物可以对盐碱土壤进行脱盐,而盐碱土壤中的微生物对盐生植物和耐盐植物的生长起着重要作用.本研究在盐碱地上选取玉米、棉花、盐地芦苇和盐地碱蓬这4种有代表性的植物,采集土壤样品,探究植物根系与非根系主要细菌群落与土壤理化性质和盐碱土壤微生物多样性的关系.结果表明,盐地碱蓬的根系微生物在一定程度上影响了土壤的pH,土壤中的盐度与土壤营养物质呈明显的负相关关系.所有土壤样品中相对丰度较高的前5个细菌门均为变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门.其中,棉花、芦苇和盐地碱蓬中根系土壤与非根系土壤耐盐菌门存在较大差异,分析高通量测序结果可以得出3种植物根系与非根系土壤中差异较大的耐盐细菌属,如棉花土壤中差异较大的Actinophytocola和Lechevalieria,芦苇土壤中差异较大的Bacillus和Filobacillus,以及盐地碱蓬土壤中的Echinicola.本研究可为盐碱地中接种促进植物生长的微生物提供理论依据.     

Control of exhaled SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the interpersonal breathing microenvironment in a ventilated room with limited space air stability

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the spread of the coronavirus between persons. We experimentally and numerically investigated an advanced engineering and environmental method on controlling the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the breathing microenvironment between two persons during interactive breathing process by combining the limited space air stability and a ventilation method. Experiments were carried out in a full-scale ventilated room with different limited space air stability conditions, i.e., stable condition, neutral condition and unstable condition. Two real humans were involved to conducted normal breathing process in the room and the exhaled carbon dioxide was used as the surrogate of infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from respiratory activities. A correspondent numerical model was established to visualize the temperature field and contaminated field in the test room. Results show that the performance of a ventilation system on removing infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from the interpersonal breathing microenvironment is dependent on the limited space air stability conditions. Appropriate ventilation method should be implemented based on an evaluation of the air condition. It is recommended that total volume ventilation methods are suitable for unstable and neutral conditions and local ventilation methods are preferable for stable conditions. This study provides an insight into the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols between persons in ventilated rooms with different limited space air stability conditions. Useful guidance has been provided to cope with COVID-19 in limited spaces.     

不同动力公交流动微环境BTEX的浓度水平及健康风险

用热解析气相色谱法采集分析不同动力公交车微环境中苯系物,研究了江南某旅游城市公交汽油车、柴油车、电车、液化天然气车、油电混合车空气中苯系物的浓度以及主要公交站台的苯系物的浓度。结果表明,公交车微环境中苯系物平均浓度从高到低依次为汽油车>柴油车>油电混合车>液化天然气车>电车,其中汽油车苯含量最高,为(21.02±9.51)μg/m3,各动力公交车的苯暴露对公交司机致癌风险为2.32×10-6～4.79×10-6,超过了美国EPA制定的人体致癌风险限值。     

生物表面活性剂用于逆胶束体系的构建及微水相条件优化

对生物表面活性剂应用于逆胶束体系构建及微水相的条件优化进行了研究.通过与化学表面活性剂(阳离子表面活性剂CTAB、阴离子表面活性剂AOT、非离子表面活性剂TWTween-80)的对比可知,生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂RL具有高增溶性、低使用量、微环境所需条件温和等优点.通过荧光法测得RL在异辛烷中的临界胶束浓度CMC为0.0...     

覆盖条件下底泥微环境对内源磷释放的影响

底泥微环境对内源磷释放有重要的影响.本研究对比了2种不同的原位覆盖材料对底泥微环境的影响以及内源磷释放的控制效果,沉积物微环境以间隙水中NH₄⁺-N、Fe²⁺浓度和微生物活性来表示.结果表明,CaO₂改性材料（ACPM）覆盖条件下较锁磷剂（Phoslock^®）组NH₄⁺-N和Fe²⁺浓度均处于较低状态,微生物活性值FDA增加了42.57%,说明其微生物活性较高,也显示了ACPM覆盖下其氧化还原电位高于Phoslock^®,且底泥微环境处于好氧状态.与Phoslock^®组相比,ACPM组上覆水和间隙水中DIP浓度均较高,表明Phoslock^®对磷酸盐的吸附能力优于ACPM,也暗示了底泥微环境并不是磷吸附的唯一衡量标准.在内源磷固定过程中,2种覆盖材料均有利于内源磷的固定,Ca-P均显著增加.然而,具有氧化性的ACPM导致NH₄Cl-P增加,Fe/Al-P大量减少,促进了活性磷的释放,使得底泥中的磷向覆盖层迁移,有利于清洁底泥.     

Microenvironmental time-activity patterns in Chongqing, China

An investigation using recall questionnaires was conducted in winter and autumn 2006 to evaluate the time-activity patterns in Chongqing, China. The average time spent in seven microenvironments (MEs) including outdoors, transit, living room, bedroom, kitchen, classroom/office, and other indoors were found to be about 3.5, 1.1, 2.5, 9.7, 1.4, 4.2, and 1.7 h per day, respectively. According to the results of a nonparametric test, the sampling period and day of week were significant for the variation of the time spent in all MEs except for transit and outdoors. The time budget was analyzed using a general linear model (GLM), which exhibited significant variability by demographic factors such as gender, age, residence, education, and household income.