Detailed analysis of PCBs and PCDD/Fs impurities in a dielectric oil sample （ASKAREL Nr 1740） from an imported transformer in China

Homolog and congener profiles of polychlori- nated biphenyls （PCBs）, polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins （PCDDs） and polychlorinated dibenzofurans （PCDFs） in commercial PCBs formulations are useful information for the source appointment of PCBs contam- ination as well as the risk assessment caused by potential exposure. Dielectric oil （ASKAREL Nr 1740） in an imported transformer found in China was sampled and analyzed by isotope dilution technology using high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry （HRGC/HRMS）. The detailed homolog and congener profiles of PCBs obtained were compared with those of known Aroclor formulations. High similarity in the homolog profile between the oil sample and Aroclor 1260was found, with the hexachlorinated and hepta- chlorinated biphenyls accounting for more than 80.2% of the total PCBs concentration. Severn indicator PCBs contribute about 30%, while 12 PCB congeners （i.e., # 153, #143, #168, #180, #149, #165, #138, #170, #190, #187, #174, #181） account for more than 50% of the total PCB concentrations. Total concentration ofPCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs （DL-PCBs） was found to be 740 ng TEQ/g, of which 620 ng TEQ/g came from DL-PCBs. The contribution of PCDDs to the total TEQ was neglectable. The concentration of PCDFs homologs follows the order of OCDF 〉 HxCDFs 〉 HpCDFs 〉 PeCDFs 〉 TeCDFs, which is in consistence with the previous study on Aroclor 1260. Three DL-PCBs congeners （i.e., #118, #156, #157） accounted for 77% of the total concentration of DL-PCBs, also they contribute 72% in the TEQ caused by DL-PCBs.     

Enhanced dewatering characteristics of waste activated sludge with Fenton pretreatment: effectiveness and statistical optimization

In this work, the enhanced dewaterabing characteristics of waste activated sludge using Fenton pretreatment was investigated in terms of effectiveness and statistical optimization. Response surface method （RSM） and central composite design （CCD） were applied to evaluate and optimize the effectiveness of important operational parameters, i.e., H202 concentrations, Fe2＋ concentrations and initial pH values. A significant quadratic polynomial model was obtained （R2= 0.9189） with capillary suction time （CST） reduction efficiency as the response. Numerical optimization based on desirability function was carried out. The optimum values for H202, Fe2, and initial pH were found to be 178 mg-g-1 VSS （volatile suspended solids）, 211mg.gI VSS and 3.8, respectively, at which CST reduction efficiency of 98.25% could be achieved. This complied well with those predicted by the established polynomial model. The results indicate that Fenton pretreatment is an effective technique for advanced waste activated sludge dewatering. The enhancement of sludge dewaterability by Fenton＇s reagent lies in the migration of sludge bound water due to the disintegration of sludge flocs and microbial cells lysis.     

In vitro agonistic and antagonistic endocrine disrupting effects of organic extracts from waste water of different treatment processes

Effluents from wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） have been reported to have a broad spectrum of endocrine disrupting compounds （EDCs）. The majority of studies have focused on the occurrence of estrogenic activity, while ignoring nuclear hormone receptors （NRs） pathways. In the present study, a battery of in vitro yeast bioassays and a cell bioassay, including antagonistic and agonistic effects on estrogen receptor （ER）, androgen receptor （AR）, progesterone receptor （PR）, estrogen- related receptor （ERR） and aryl hydrocarbon receptor （AHR）, were conducted to evaluate the removal efficien- cies of EDCs by different treatment processes of a WWTP located in Beijing. Estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, anti- androgenic, anti-progesteronic, anti-ERR and the activa- tion of AHR activities were detected in samples from all treatment processes and the receiving water. The concen- tration of estrogenic contaminants with estradiol （E2） equivalent concentrations ranged from 0.82 x 10-9 to 3.54 x 10 9g Ee_EQ.L-1. The concentration of anti-estrogenic contaminants with 4-hydroxytamoxifen （4-OHT） equiva- lent concentrations ranged from 1.24 × 10-6 to 2.36 x 10-6 g 4-OHT-EQ.L-1. The concentration of anti-androgenic contaminants ranged from 2.21 x 10-s to 3.52 × 10-6g flutamide-EQ. L-1. The concentration of anti-progesteronic contaminants ranged from 3.15 x 10^-5 to 2.71 x 10^-4g RU486-EQ. L-1. The concentration of anti-ERR contami- nants ranged from 7.09 x 10-5 to 6.50 x 104 g 4-OHT-EQ × L^-10. The concentration of AHR activators ranged from 1.7 × 10-10 to 3.4 × 10^-10g TCDD-EQ-L-1. These processes including secondary clarifier, coagulation, as well as coal and sand filtration could eliminated 67.2% of estrogenic contaminants, 47.0% of anti-estrogenic contaminants, 98.3% of anti-androgenic contaminants, 88.4% of anti- progesteronic contaminants, 65.4% of anti-ERR contami- nants and 46.9% of AHR activators. WWTP effluents contain multiple receptor disruptors may have very complex adverse effects on exposed organisms.     

Modeling of Ce（IV） transport through a dispersion flat combined liquid membrane with carrier P507

A mathematical model for the transport of Ce （IV） from hydrochloric acid solutions through dispersion flat combined liquid membrane （DFCLM） with contain 2- ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester （P507） as the carrier, dissolved in kerosene as the membrane solution have been studied. This process of facilitated transport, based on membrane technology, is a variation on the conventional technique of solvent extraction and may be described mathematically using Fick＇s second law. The equations for transport velocity are derived considering the diffusion of P507 and its metallic complexes through the liquid membrane. In this work, the system is considered to be in a transient state, and chemical reaction between Ce（IV） and the carrier to take place only at the solvent-aqueous interfaces. Model concentration profiles are obtained for the Ce（IV）, from which extraction velocities are predicted. The experimental and simulated Ce（IV） extractions showed similar tendencies for a high Ce （IV） concentration and acidity case.The model results indicate that high initial Ce（IV） concentrations and acidity both have detrimental effects on Ce（IV） extraction and stripping. The diffusion coefficient of Ce（IV） in the membrane and the thickness of diffusion layer between feed phase and membrane phase are obtained and the values are 6.31 × 10-8m2·s-1 and 31.2 μm, respectively. The results are in good agreement with experimental results.     

Optimization of methyl orange removal from aqueous solution by response surface methodology using spent tea leaves as adsorbent

The effective disposal of redundant tea waste is crucial to environmental protection and comprehensive utilization of trash resources. In this work, the removal of methyl orange （MO） from aqueous solution using spent tea leaves as the sorbent was investigated in a batch experiment. First, the effects of various parameters such as temperature, adsorption time, dose of spent tea leaves, and initial concentration of MO were investigated. Then, the response surface methodology （RSM）, based on Box- Behnken design, was employed to obtain the optimum adsorption conditions. The optimal conditions could be obtained at an initial concentration of MO of 9.75 mg·L-1, temperature of 35.3℃, contact time of 63.8 min, and an adsorbent dosage 3.90 g· L-1. Under the optimized condi- tions, the maximal removal of MO was 58.2%. The results indicate that spent tea leaves could be used as an effective and economical adsorbent in the removal of MO from aqueous solution.     

城市住区空气负离子浓度时空变化及空气质量评价--以合肥市为例

以夏热冬冷地区合肥市为研究区域,从建筑布局、空间形态、建筑密度、交通路网、植物绿化等方面综合考虑城市住区的不同环境特征,选择12个样点进行实地观测,于2013年8至2014年1月进行了空气离子浓度、风速、温度、相对湿度等指标的实地测定,并对数据进行筛选分析得出结果,空气负离子浓度随季节变化较为明显,夏季最高,平均浓度约为358/cm3,秋季次之,平均浓度约为338/cm3,冬季最低,平均浓度约为322/cm3。总体看来,上午9：00─10：00和下午14：30─15：30区间空气负离子浓度最高,上午10：30和下午16：00─16：30区间空气负离子浓度相对较低。②自由式布局和具有较明显开敞空间的测试样点空气负离子浓度较高。夏季样点9空气负离子浓度最高,平均浓度为815/cm3;秋季样点12空气负离子浓度最高,平均浓度约为483/cm3;冬季样点9空气负离子浓度最高,平均浓度约为407/cm3。最后运用单极系数和安培空气质量评价指数对住区空气质量进行评价,得出住区环境的空气清洁度以允许和清洁为主,等级多分布在D级和B级。根据这些结果和分析得出以下结论：在不同的季节,住区室外环境的空气负离子浓度变化较为明显,夏季最高,冬季最低。②影响城市住区空气负离子浓度最主要气象因子是风速、温度和相对湿度,其中风速和温度与空气负离子浓度呈现出正相关,而相对湿度则总体趋势不明确。③采取层次丰富的植物结构有利于提高环境的空气负离子浓度。④空气负离子浓度与空气清洁度有着密切关系,不同的环境特征下空气清洁度存在差异。⑤以空气负离子浓度为参考标准指导并优化住区建筑布局,不仅有利于提高住区人居环境质量评价工作的科学管理水平,同时对于提高居民的健康水平和营造健康舒适的居住环境具有重要的?     

LCC法在Epson公司环境经营管理中的实践分析

Epson公司在零件采购、材料的采用、运输、用户使用阶段,以及回收再生方面的商品的整个生命周期中,考虑减少产品对环境的负荷,并在产品全部生命周期（LCC）中应该实施的目标的基础上,构筑并实施了环境经营理念。其成功做法值得很多企业借鉴。     

海洋微塑料污染状况及其应对措施建议

海洋塑料垃圾污染是人类面临的最为急迫的全球海洋环境问题之一,已引起各国政府、公众、科学界、媒体及非政府组织等的广泛关注,并成为当前海洋生态与环境研究的热点问题之一,亟待应对和解决.从水体、沉积物及生物体内海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料污染特征、来源及归趋角度,阐述了海洋微塑料垃圾的分布特征、潜在生态风险和应对措施,以及国内外应对海洋塑料及微塑料污染所采取的管控措施,介绍了各国政府和非政府组织所提出的法律法规和公约倡议.鉴于当前鲜见典型区域塑料污染管控和生态风险评估体系研究,从科学研究和管理控制两个方面,进一步指出现阶段在海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料研究和管控方面存在的诸多问题,如方法学（采集、预处理和分析）的差异性,来源、输运与归趋尚不明确,生态风险评估体系未建立及相关管控的法律法规待健全等.在此基础上对我国海洋塑料和微塑料研究提出建议:①深入研究与国际接轨的标准化塑料及微塑料研究方法学（样本采集、预处理和分析）问题、准确估算入海通量、环境归趋及环境浓度下潜在的生态风险等;②支持开展海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料研究专题的大洋航次（太平洋和印度洋等）,系统地开展河流系统-深海海盆-极地等的海洋微塑料综合研究;③研发水环境中塑料和微塑料垃圾的拦截和处理技术,制定和强化塑料及微塑料管控的法律法规和政策措施;④建立完善的海洋塑料垃圾污染公共环境意识教育体系,以唤起公众对海洋污染的关注.      

大型城市污水处理厂处理工艺对微塑料的去除

污水处理厂出水是自然水体中微塑料(MPs)的重要来源.本文以上海市两个大型污水处理厂(WWTP)为研究对象,分析了进水及各处理工艺出水中MPs的数浓度、形态变化及相应的去除率差异,计算了MPs在污水处理厂的归趋.结果表明,WWTP1和WWTP2进水中MPs数浓度分别为(226. 27±83. 00)个·L-1和(171. 89±62. 98)个·L-1; WWTP1对MPs的去除效率为63. 25%,略大于WWTP2的处理效率(59. 84%);两个污水处理厂一级处理工艺对MPs的去除率占整个处理工艺的70%～80%.从污水处理厂的处理工艺来看,一级处理工艺和二级处理工艺分别将污水中(48. 10%±1. 62%)和(12. 97%±0. 05%)的MPs转移到污泥中.从整体来看,污水处理厂中的最终有(38. 82%±1. 55%)的MPs随出水进入到自然水体,剩余(61. 18%±1. 55%)的MPs进入到污泥中.本研究表明,上海市污水处理厂对MPs的去除率较低,即使在处理后依旧有大量的MPs随出水进入到自然水体,仍会对生态系统造成巨大的风险.本研究提供了平原河网地区大型城市污水处理厂MPs去除及归趋的基础数据,可为进一步的MPs去除工艺设计提供参考.     

微塑料对小麦生长及生理生化特性的影响

土壤环境中微塑料污染及毒理学效应逐渐引起关注,但微塑料对植物的毒性及其机制研究仍十分匮乏.为探究微塑料对陆生高等植物小麦(Triticum aestivum)的毒性作用,选用100 nm和5μm聚苯乙烯微塑料(PS-MPs)进行土培处理,结合水培生长试验,研究了PS-MPs对小麦生长及叶片光合色素、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化酶活性等的影响.结果表明,水培试验中,高浓度(200 mg·L-1) PS-MPs显著抑制小麦根、茎的伸长,5μm PS-MPs较100 nm PS-MPs表现出更大的毒性效应,小麦根和茎的长度抑制率分别为67. 15%和56. 45%.土培条件下,10 mg·kg-1PS-MPs对小麦生长影响最为显著.在试验含量范围内(0～100 mg·kg-1),随PS-MPs含量的增加,小麦叶片光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量先升后降,提示PS-MPs对小麦叶片光合系统产生了损害,抑制其蛋白的合成;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先降后升,表明PS-MPs对小麦毒性的可能机制涉及氧化应激.本研究结果将为土壤环境中微塑料的生态风险评价提供依据.