Microwave enhanced stabilization of copper in artificially contaminated soil

Microwave processing was used to stabilize copper ions in soil samples. Its effects on the stabilization efficiency were studied as a function of additive, microwave power, process time, and reaction atmosphere. The stabilization efficiency of the microwave process was evaluated based on the results of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test. The results showed that the optimal experimental condition contained a 700W microwave power, 20 min process time and 3 iron wires as the additive, and that the highest stabilization efficiency level was more than 70%. In addition, the different reaction atmospheres showed no apparent effect on the stabilization efficiency of copper in the artificially contaminated soil. According to the result of the Tessier sequential extraction, the partial species of copper in the contaminated soil was deduced to transform from unstable species to stable states after the microwave process.     

The role of social support and place attachment during hazard evacuation: the case of Sandy Lake First Nation,Canada

This paper examines how and if the post-disaster distribution of housing assistance in two cities of Bam, in Iran, and Bhuj, in India, fulfilled the broad aim of enabling the stricken population to achieve housing recovery. Drawing on interviews with stricken households and officials as well as document review, the paper provides an account of the housing assistance distribution policies in these cities as they were formed, evolved, interpreted, and implemented as well as the ways they were experienced by disaster-stricken people. The paper investigates who did not receive assistance, who did not recover (yet) despite receiving assistance, and – in contrast to these groups – who recovered/accumulated new assets during the recovery process. While in both cities public policies of assistance distribution expanded the capacity of the majority of the stricken people to recover, they failed to provide a timely and appropriate support for the recovery of lower income groups, tenants, and squatters, in line with their needs and priorities.     

Reducing the complexity of the flood vulnerability index

After the flooding in 2002 European governments provided billions of Euros of financial assistance to their citizens. Although there is no doubt that solidarity and some sort of assistance are reasonable, the question arises why these damages were not sufficiently insured. One explanation why individuals reject to obtain insurance cover against natural hazards is that they anticipate governmental and private aid. This problem became to be known as “charity hazard”. The present paper gives an economic analysis of the institutional arrangements on the market for natural disaster insurances focusing on imperfections caused by governmental financial relief. It provides a theoretical explanation why charity hazard is a problem on the market for natural disaster insurances, in the way that it acts as an obstacle for the proper diffusion and therefore the establishment of natural hazard insurances. This paper provides a review of the scientific discussion on charity hazard, provides a theoretical analysis and points out the existing empirical problems regarding this issue.     

微波法处理高浓度氨氮废水

对微波技术处理高浓度氨氮废水进行研究,分别考察了pH值、微波作用时间、曝气与否、初始氨氮浓度对去除率的影响。研究结果表明:pH和微波作用时间是影响氨氮去除率的关键因素,曝气可增强氨氮的去除率效果;浓度为500 mg/L的氨氮废水,在pH为10,微波作用时间为4 min时,曝气去除效果较好,去除率可达81.7%。     

微波促进无机酸对金属腐蚀速率的研究

为缩短无机酸对金属腐蚀性的检测时间,提高危险性鉴定效率,在联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书-试验和标准手册》关于化学品对金属腐蚀性检测方法的基础上,以微波辐射装置代替传统的电加热水浴,以20#碳钢和7075-T6铝作为金属试片,研究了不同温度下采用微波法与标准试验方法时稀盐酸和硫酸溶液对金属的腐蚀速率。研究表明,金属的重量损失率随着测试温度的升高而增加,微波法下金属试片的质量损失率显著高于相同腐蚀时间和温度下的标准试验方法。微波法在75℃下40h可与标准试验方法55℃下168h的腐蚀效果进行等效,可以明显提高无机酸对于金属腐蚀性的检测效率。     

南极冰盖冻融的时空分析

采用改进的小波变换的南极冰盖冻融探测算法,利用微波辐射计1978~2013年的SMMR和SSM/I数据对南极冰盖冻融状况进行监测,分析了南极冰盖近34年的整体冻融时空变化特征,结果表明:从空间分布来看,南极冰盖的融化区域主要分布在南极边缘的各个冰架区,融化强度受地物覆盖类型、地理位置和海拔等因素的影响;从时间分布上来看,南极冰盖的融化面积年际变化较大,1991年的融化面积最大,为1518750km2,1999年融化面积最小,为565000km2,且融化面积的年际变化具有周期性;南极冰盖的融化具有很强的季节性,融化一般集中在11月至次年2月,在1月达到融化顶峰.     

微波辐射烟杆氯化锌法制造活性炭工艺

提出了利用烟杆废料制造活性炭的新工艺.采用正交试验法对影响活性炭性能的因素,如微波辐射的功率、辐射时间、氯化锌浓度等进行了系统研究,得到了最佳工艺条件:微波辐射功率750 W,辐射时间7 min,氯化锌浓度为50%,利用该工艺条件所制备活性炭的产率为34.7%,亚甲蓝脱色力为17 mL/0.1 g,碘吸附值为1 093.4 mg/g.对比该活性炭与市售一级活性炭的微观结构,发现其具有更发达的微观孔隙结构.同传统方法相比,微波辐射法缩短了工艺时间,提高了产品性能.     

Risk Removed? Steps Towards Building Trust in Humanitarian Mine Action

This article examines the role of building trust in Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA). The role of trust following a mine-clearance operation is largely an unexplored region. Drawing on case studies from Angola, Mozambique and Afghanistan, the article explores how trust can be understood in the context of humanitarian initiatives such as landmine clearance, and outlines the challenges associated with building trust among populations with experience of armed conflict. Because trust is difficult to re-establish following a war, the argument presented here suggests that one way in which this can be done is through building relationships at the organisational and interpersonal levels. The analysis reviews specific measures that mine-action agencies have used to build trust, looking at the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. The analysis concludes by suggesting general guidelines for how mine-action practitioners can facilitate trust, and by outlining some promising avenues for future research.     

Metallic Composition and Sources of Airborne Atmospheric Particulates in the Industrial Belt of the City of Madrid

The characteristics of the airborne particulates in the industrial belt of the city of Madrid were studied and their metal content in Pb, Ca, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr, Mg, Zn and K were determined, with the purpose of assessing any differences when compared to typical urban particulates. The object was to examine the sources of the trace metals analysed and to evaluate their spatial and temporal variations. Six sample collection points were chosen in the industrial belt of the city of Madrid and more than 320 samples were collected over a period of one year. Various forms of source identification were used in order to study the origins of each of the analysed metals. The data obtained indicates that the area studied has a different kind of pollution from that which typically occurs in urban or industrial areas. We were also able to explain a high percentage of the inorganic pollution investigated using a small number of sources: resuspended ground dust, vehicle exhaust, building, industrial combustion and metal processes, and fuel-oil combustion.