石油石化海外项目员工心理健康管理初探

分析了海外项目员工的心理状态,提出了相应的心理健康管理方法。     

Drinking water quality governance: A comparative case study of Brazil,Ecuador, and Malawi

Human health is greatly affected by inadequate access to sufficient and safe drinking water, especially in low and middle-income countries. Drinking water governance improvements may be one way to better drinking water quality. Over the past decade, many projects and international organizations have been dedicated to water governance; however, water governance in the drinking water sector is understudied and how to improve water governance remains unclear. We analyze drinking water governance challenges in three countries – Brazil, Ecuador, and Malawi – as perceived by government, service providers, and civil society organizations. A mixed methods approach was used: a clustering model was used for country selection and qualitative semi-structured interviews were used with direct observation in data collection. The clustering model integrated political, economic, social and environmental variables that impact water sector performance, to group countries. Brazil, Ecuador and Malawi were selected with the model so as to represent the diversity of the clusters. This comparative case study is important because similar challenges are identified in the drinking water sectors of each country; while, the countries represent diverse socio-economic and political contexts, and the case selection process provides generalizability to our results. We find that access to safe water could be improved if certain water governance challenges were addressed: coordination and data sharing between ministries that deal with drinking water services; monitoring and enforcement of water quality laws; and sufficient technical capacity to improve administrative and technical management of water services at the local level. From an analysis of our field research, we also developed a conceptual framework that identifies policy levers that could be used to influence governance of drinking water quality on national and sub-national levels, and the relationships between these levers.     

微波法处理高浓度氨氮废水

对微波技术处理高浓度氨氮废水进行研究,分别考察了pH值、微波作用时间、曝气与否、初始氨氮浓度对去除率的影响。研究结果表明:pH和微波作用时间是影响氨氮去除率的关键因素,曝气可增强氨氮的去除率效果;浓度为500 mg/L的氨氮废水,在pH为10,微波作用时间为4 min时,曝气去除效果较好,去除率可达81.7%。     

微波消解-ICP-MS测定土壤和底泥中的12种金属元素

以20.0μg/L铟作内标,采用硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系微波消解,ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子体质谱法)同时测定土壤和底泥中的12种金属元素,各元素方法检出限为0.003～0.2μg/g,相对标准偏差小于6.1%,土壤标准样品的测定值与标准值吻合。方法简便快捷,灵敏度高,重现性好,是分析大批量土壤和底泥样品中多元素的可靠、高效方法。     

原子荧光法测定土壤中的痕量碲

建立了采用微波消解土壤样品,OnGuardⅡH柱消除消解液中金属元素干扰,原子荧光法测定土壤中碲的方法。本方法检出限为0.009μg/g,加标回收率为91.3%~97.8%,具有操作简便、快速、准确度高和用酸量少等优点,有一定的应用价值。     

载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO的微波辅助溶剂解吸方法特性

针对载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO再生利用与解吸液富集回收磷的问题,通过对比直接溶剂解吸法与微波辅助溶剂解吸法在解吸条件、吸附性能与材料层状结构恢复方面的差异,考察了微波辅助溶剂解吸方法的技术特性,并分析了其解吸机制.结果显示,与直接溶剂解吸法相比,微波辅助溶剂解吸法解吸时间由4 h缩短为10～30 min,解吸效果提高15%以上;在同等解吸效果前提下,组合解吸剂(Na_2CO_3+NaOH)浓度降低2倍;解吸剂用量减少10倍.载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO经微波辅助溶剂解吸-焙烧再生后,吸附性能得到较好地恢复,3次吸附-解吸-焙烧后再生率接近90%,比直接溶剂解吸-焙烧再生提高40%.由于微波能够强化溶剂离子热运动、促进离子传质与扩散过程,加快离子交换速率,有利于材料层状结构的有效恢复,因此,微波辅助溶剂解吸法能够在较低解吸剂浓度与用量条件下,实现对载磷Mg/Al/Fe-LDO的高效、快速解吸,有利于污水中磷的富集回收.     

在微波辐射下用ACF处理吲哚溶液的实验研究

在ACF存在下微波辐射能除去焦化废水中的吲哚污染物。实验研究了微波辐射时间。微波功率，吲哚溶液初始浓度，pH值等因素对微波处理吲哚溶液的影响。并用活性炭代替ACF作了对比实验，实验结果表明，在微波辐射下，用ACF处理吲哚溶液具有明显高的效果，3.5min去除率即可达98%，微波辐射不能使吲哚发生降解。其作用是使ACF的孔隙结构发生变化，增加了其吸附能力。     

微波改性活性炭脱硫性能的初步研究

在此提出了一种利用微波等离子技术对活性炭进行改性以提高活性炭的SO2 吸附性能的新方法。通过正交实验法 ,探讨了微波功率、辐照时间及样品粒径 3种因素对改性后的活性炭脱硫效果的影响。结果表明 ,微波改性后的活性炭大大提高了对SO2 的吸附能力 ,最高硫吸附量可达 10 9 4mg g ,微波功率和样品粒径是决定改性活性炭硫容量的关键因素 ,并通过元素分析和扫描电镜等手段对其机理进行了讨论     

微波消解石墨炉原子吸收法测定空气中的锑及其化合物研究

建立了用微孔滤膜采集空气样品,经硝酸-双氧水混合液微波消解,以硝酸镁溶液为基体改进剂,热解涂层石墨管,塞曼扣背景,石墨炉原子吸收法测定空气中锑的方法.方法线性范围为3.00～20.0μg/L,当采样体积为100 L,锑的最低检出质量浓度为0.000 5 mg/m3,加标回收率在93.0％ ～ 105.0％间,相对标准偏差均小于3％.该方法具有操作简便、快速、准确度高和用酸量少等优点,适用于空气中微量锑及其化合物的测定.     

微波作用下表面活性剂在膨润土上的吸附行为特征

探讨了微波辐照时间、CPC浓度对微波合成有机膨润土的层间距、有机碳含量的影响,以及CPC在有机膨润土合成过程中的吸附动力学与热力学.结果表明,微波辐照90～120 s时,CPC在膨润土的饱和吸附量与常规合成的相当,达0 .001?63 mol·g^-1,当微波辐照2 min时,CPC浓度为1 .20 mmol·L^-1时,合成的有机膨润土的层间距达到最佳的2 .44 nm,有机碳含量达23 .45%; AFM分析表明微波不会破坏膨润土的层状结构;微波对CPC在膨润土上的吸附有较大的影响,可提高吸附反应速度常数107 .6倍,并降低体系的自由能.