磷酸对八宝景天热解过程中As、Pb迁移转化的影响

本文利用管式炉在不同温度下对八宝景天进行直接热解和磷酸预处理热解,研究了As、Pb的迁移特性和形态分布.结果表明：生物炭中As的回收率随温度升高波动,Pb的回收率随温度升高先增大后减小,As、Pb的回收率均在500℃时达到最大,分别为66.2%和73.08%.添加8%磷酸后As、Pb回收率在一定温度范围内增加,并在300℃时达到最大值,分别为83.75%和92.78%.热解温度由300℃升到600℃时,生物炭中As的稳定形态（F4+F5）由不足20%增加到70%左右,Pb的最稳定形态（F5）由3%增加到32%.添加8%磷酸热解后,生物炭中As的稳定性小幅增加,500和600℃时F5分别增加20%和5%;Pb的稳定性显著增加,（F4+F5）均达到90%以上.磷酸添加量对重金属形态分布无明显影响.实验结果表明采用磷酸预处理用于修复植物热解可提高生物炭中重金属As、Pb的回收率及稳定性,并可降低其生态风险指数.     

超声波促进好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中水解酶活性变化研究

为评价超声波促进污泥好氧/缺氧消化的作用,采用频率28 kHz,声能密度为0.15 kW.L-1和超声时间10 min的超声参数与好氧/缺氧消化衔接,研究了污泥的SS、VSS及水解酶活性(淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶)在消化过程中的变化趋势,同时以未经超声处理的消化污泥作为对照.结果表明,经过超声波-好氧/缺氧消化13 d,VSS去除率为44.3%,高出对照污泥14.9%.污泥中水解酶活性随消化天数增加呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,其中超声污泥的淀粉酶和葡萄糖苷酶活性在第5 d达到峰值,此时VSS淀粉酶活性为0.104μmol.g-1,葡萄糖苷酶活性为0.637μmol.g-1.超声污泥中胞内蛋白酶和胞外蛋白酶在第7 d达到峰值,胞内蛋白酶活性为23.68μmol.g-1,远远大于胞外蛋白酶,在污泥消化过程中起主导作用.超声污泥中酸性磷酸酶活性高于对照污泥,而碱性磷酸酶对环境改变较为敏感,超声波预处理改变污泥内部性质,导致碱性磷酸酶活性减少.     

荧光增白剂生产废水不同预处理方法的比较

采用Fenton试剂氧化、O3氧化、曝气铁炭微电解3种方法对荧光增白剂生产废水进行了处理,考察了不同影响因素对3种处理方法处理效果的影响.结果表明,在H2O2投加量为0.13 mol/L、H2O2与Fe2+的物质的量比为20、pH值为5.0、反应时间为1.0h时, Fenton试剂氧化处理效果最好,CODCr去除率达到39.9%, BOD5/CODCr提高到0.51.在反应时间为70min(O3通入量为2.51 g/L)、pH值为9.2时,O3氧化处理效果较好,CODCr去除率达到36.7%,BOD5/CODCr提高到0.47.在铁炭质量比为1、反应时间为2.0h、pH值为2.5时,曝气铁炭微电解效果最好,CODCr去除率达到57.1%,BOD5/CODCr提高到0.45.3种预处理方法均可有效降解荧光增白剂生产废水中的有机物并且提高废水的可生化性,其中曝气铁炭微电解的效果最好,处理成本最低,可以应用于荧光增白剂生产废水的处理中.     

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水应急预处理工艺筛选

响水化工园区爆炸事故污水具有成分复杂、高有机物、高氨氮、高毒性等特点.本文针对该爆炸事故污水难处理的特点,选择了粉末活性炭-活性污泥（PAC-AS）、活性炭吸附、水解酸化-A²O 3种工艺开展预处理研究.结果表明,PAC-AS工艺可显著去除事故污水中的有机污染物;总有机碳去除率达到96.50%,比另外两种工艺分别高77.68%和11.41%;而氨氮去除率为65.03%,比另外两种工艺分别高51.37%和3.92%.PAC-AS工艺成功应用于事故污水处理工程,实现了全部20580.00 m³事故污水的妥善预处理,累计削减COD 21260.71 kg、氨氮209.41 kg,且出水水质稳定.     

Microwave photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B using TiO2 supported on activated carbon： Mechanism implication

The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was carried out using TiO2 supported on activated carbon (TiO2-AC) under microwave irradiation. Composite catalyst TiO2-AC was prepared and characterized using X-ray di raction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). In the process of microwave-enhanced photocatalysis (MPC), RhB (30 mg/L) was almost completely decoloured in 10 min, and the mineralization e ciency was 96.0% in 20 min. The reaction rate constant of RhB in MPC using TiO2-AC by pseudo first-order reaction kinetics was 4.16 times of that using Degussa P25. Additionally, according to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) identification, the major intermediates of RhB in MPC included two kinds of N-de-ethylation intermediates (N,N-diethyl-N’-ethyl-rhodamine (DER)), oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, and phthalic acid, maleic acid, 3-nitrobenzoic acid, and so on. The degradation of RhB in MPC was mainly attributed to the destruction of the conjugated structure, and then the intermediates transformed to acid molecules which were mineralized to water and carbon dioxide.     

石灰预处理和干发酵对稻草热解特性影响

深入研究生物质热解有助于热解机理的理解,利用热重分析来探讨石灰预处理和干发酵对稻草热解特性的影响。结果表明:预处理使木质素和半纤维素含量增加,而干发酵使VS、半纤维素和纤维素含量降低;预处理和干发酵改变稻草热解特性,但未改变稻草的热反应机理;热解一级动力学方程很好模拟稻草热解的主失重阶段,稻草热解活化能数值为42.3～47.8 kJ/mol,属于正常范围;预处理降低反应活化能,而干发酵增加反应活化能。这为秸秆及其干发酵残渣的气化提供了重要的设计依据。     

应用流式细胞术测定淡水、海洋沉积物中异养细菌前处理条件的选择

目前流式细胞术(FCM)已被广泛应用于水体异养细菌的检测,采用适当的前处理方法可将黏附在沉积物颗粒上的异养细菌提取到水相中进而利用FCM进行检测.选择合适的前处理方法是将FCM应用于沉积物异养细菌检测的关键.论文对FCM测定沉积物中异养细菌的前处理方法进行了探讨,实验同步考虑了淡水及海洋沉积物.结果表明,对于实验所用淡水、海洋沉积物,较优的前处理条件为:1mmol·L-1焦磷酸钠作为分散剂,暗处孵育10min,20w、40KHz水浴超声1min,并每30s人工振荡1次,2800r·min-1常温离心萃取3次.     

Enhancement of biomethane production from cattle manure with codigestion of dilute acid pretreated lignocellulosic biomass

It is well known that dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of the lignicellulosisc biomass is an effective approach used for the production of the ethanol. However, there are less studies on the biogas production from the pretreated lignocellulosics and hardly data available on the codigestion of cattle manure with the pretreated lignocellulosisc material. The aim of this study was to evaluate biomethane production potential of codigestion of cattle manure with dilute acid pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Sugarcane bagasse and rice husk was pretreated with dilute sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid at 121°C for 20 minutes and subsequently subjected to anaerobic digestion alone or codigested with cattle manure.

The results showed that codigestion of 1% phosphoric acid pretreated rice husk with cattle manure led to the highest methane production of 115 Nmlg^?1VS while monodigestion of cattle manure and phosphoric acid pretreated rice husk produced 98 and 87 Nmlg^?1VS, respectively. An inhibition was observed in anaerobic digestion of sulfuric acid pretreated rice husk and sugarcane bagasse during monodigestion and codigestion with cattle manure.

The study concludes that dilute phosphoric acid pretreated lignocellulosics like sugarcane bagasse and rice husk can be used as a cosubstrate with cattle manure in anaerobic digestion for enhanced methane production. Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment, which is effective method for the bioethanol production, causes inhibition during anaerobic digestion of the pretreated lignocellulosics.     

密封增压微波消化火焰原子吸收测定牡蛎中重金属含量

本文采用降四氟乙烯密封增压微波消化法消解牡励样品，火焰原子吸收法测定其重金属Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ，Ｍｎ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｒ，Ｐｂ的含量，并与传统的混酸消化法和干灰化法的结果相比较，实验证明，本文方法的精密度、准确度、最低检出限都能很好地满足测定要求。该方法简便、快捷、节省能源和试剂，有较高的实用价值。     

贵金属多元素分析进展

近年来,贵金属多元素精确分析在科研与工业界已引起广泛关注。本文就国内外贵金属分析常用的试样分解方法、分离富集方法与现代仪器分析技术进行总结和评述,并对未来发展的趋势进行了展望。