ESTIMATION OF SOIL MOISTURE FROM SEASAT SAR DATA1

ABSTRACT A study was made to determine if Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data could be used to make practical estimates of soil moisture. Extensive ground measurements were collected at two primary sites near Guymon, Oklahoma, and Sublette, Kansas. The relative sensitivity of the SAR to differences in soil moisture, tillage roughness, and vegetation was determined. To validate the effects detected in the SAR data, an airborne scatterometer with a similar wavelength was flown repeatedly over the Guymon site. Soil moisture variations in the surface 2 cm and surface 15 cm of fields with bare soil, milo and alfalfa produce similar responses in the scattering coefficient from both systems. Roughness due to tillage in row crops produced as much as 12–15 dB increase in the scatterometer return. Most agricultural vegetation was effectively penetrated by the L-band frequencies; however, corn produced an exceptionally high radar return either standing or after combine harvesting. When corn had ripened, there was some evidence that tillage roughness could be detected through the canopy. Moderate tillage roughness produced by grain drill furrows caused over 12 dB increase in return when row directions changed from parallel to perpendicular with respect to the SAR look direction. Dramatic increases in return occurred when vegetation surfaces were wet. Increased radar returns from tillage roughness, some vegetation and wet vegetation surfaces, all dyanmic in nature, were significant and may limit the practical estimation of soil moisture from the radar data.     

WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL BY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ON WESTERN RANGELANDS1

Increasing water for onsite and offsite uses can be a viable objective for management of certain western rangelands. One approach utilizes water harvesting techniques to increase surface runoff by preventing or slowing infiltration of rain. An attractive alternative, where applicable, is to replace vegetation that uses much water with plants that use less so that more water percolates through the soil to streams and ground water. Most sites are too dry to increase water yield in this way; probably less than 1 percent of the western rangelands can be managed for this purpose. However, where annual precipitation exceeds about 450 mm (18 inches) and deep-rooted shrubs can be replaced by shallow-rooted grasses, there is potential to increase streamflows and to improve forage for livestock. Little or no increase can be expected by eradication of low-density brush and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Potentials for improving water yield are reviewed and summarized by vegetation types.     

从废醋酸锌-活性炭催化剂中提取锌

研究了用微波辐射预处理废醋酸锌-活性炭催化剂提取锌的方法，考察了微波辐射时让、盐酸质量浓度、浸出时间、浸出温度、洗涤次数等因素对锌浸出率的影响。实验结果表明，微波辐射时间对锌的浸出率影响较明显，其他因素对锌的浸出率影响不大。锌的最佳浸出条件为：微波辐射时间30min，液固比（质量比）4：1，浸出剂盐酸的质量浓度30g/L，室温搅拌浸出1h，洗涤5次，在此条件下，锌的平均浸出率为93．55％。     

微波场协同提取金银花黄色素的正交工艺优化研究

目的是研究金银花黄色素的最佳提取工艺条件。采用正交试验法，以提取剂与原料用量比（A）、提取时间（B）、微波功率（C）和提取次数（D）4个因素，每个因素选取3个水平进行实验，提取次数与微波功率对提取有极显著影响。其最佳工艺条件为：提取剂为无水乙醇，提取剂与原料用量比为1：50（g／ml），提取时间为50s，微波功率为700W，提取次数为3次。     

盘龙河流域空间信息分析

利用2008年SPOT卫星影像结合野外调查,运用3S技术对盘龙河流域的植被、土地利用和环境质量情况进行调查。结果表明,流域内的土地资源内部结构不合理,与自然环境不协调,其环境质量以中等偏上为主,差的质量面积较大。提出了对盘龙河流域加强法制建设,提高森林覆盖率,做好土地利用总体规划,优化农业产业结构的生态保护对策建议。     

硫酸—微波法制备污泥活性炭研究

以污水厂剩余污泥为原料,采用微波辐照硫酸活化的方法制备污泥活性炭。微波功率、辐照时间和硫酸浓度对污泥活性炭吸附性能具有显著影响,在最佳工艺条件微波功率500W、微波辐照时间240s、硫酸浓度25%～30%条件下制得的活性炭碘值为476.25mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附量为12.20mg/g。     

微波法复合絮凝剂PAFC-PAM的制备及脱色性能

研究了以三氯化铝,三氯化铁和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺为原料,在微波辐照下制备PAFC-PAM复合絮凝剂的工艺条件,探讨了pH值、复合絮凝剂投加量对活性染料模拟废水脱色率的影响,并考察了其对实际印染废水的处理效果。结果表明:在PAM/PAFC质量比为0.25、微波合成功率150W、微波时间3min制得的复合絮凝剂,浊度去除率为98.8%。在pH=8,投加量为42mg/L的最佳絮凝条件下,复合絮凝剂对模拟染料废水脱色率高达97%。与PAFC和PAM相比,PAFC-PAM具有较宽的pH适宜范围和较低的投加量且对实际印染废水的处理效果优于PAFC和PAM。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定茶叶中的微量汞和砷

建立微波消解-原子荧光法测定茶叶中的微量汞和砷的方法,汞浓度在0μg/L-5．0000μg/L范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,线性方程y=966．1232x,相关系数r=0．9992,汞的检出限为0．026μg/L;砷浓度在0μg/L-10．00μg/L范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,线性方程为y=62．1511x,相关系数r=0．9993,砷的检出限为0．087μg/L。样品6次测定结果,汞的相对标准偏差为9．66％,加标回收率为96．4％～101．3％;砷的相对标准偏差为1．45％。加标回收率为91．4％～105．1％。环境标准样品测定结果与标准值相吻合。所测样品中汞、砷含量均在国标限值范围之内。该法简便快捷,灵敏度高,测定结果准确可靠。     

酸碱预处理对常压微波辐射剩余活性污泥磷释放的影响

考察了污泥酸、碱预处理在常压微波处理过程中对碳、氮、磷释放的影响.结果表明,NaOH预处理将污泥磷释放率从28.8%提高到59.1%,但同时引起了碳、氮的大量释放.同碱预处理相比,硫酸预处理能够将常压微波辐射作用下污泥磷的释放率提高3倍,达到84.5%,并可达到选择性释放碳、氮、磷的效果（氮和COD释放少,而磷释放显著）,有利于后续的磷回收.优化试验表明,pH为2.1～2.2是常压微波辐射作用下污泥磷释放的最佳硫酸预处理条件.     

碱辅助条件下的污泥微波热水解特性研究

向污泥中加入NaOH进行微波热水解实验.结果表明,每1 g污泥悬浮固体(SS)添加NaOH 0.1 g时,污泥中的挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)快速水解,170℃的VSS溶解率达到60%以上,热水解后污泥的有机物含量(VSS/SS)降低至25%.80、120、150和170℃热水解5 min的污泥液相COD浓度分别为9.8、12.8、15.1和14.5 g/L,相应SCOD/TCOD为24.0%、31.3%、36.9%和35.6%.随温度的升高和时间的延长热水解污泥pH越低,最低值10.5.在每1 g SS添加0~0.2g NaOH的范围内,当添加量0.05 g时,VSS和SS的溶解率增加幅度降低.分别对NaOH添加量0.05 g热水解5 min和添加量0.1 g热水解1 min的污泥进行BMP厌氧消化实验.结果表明,添加量为0.05 g时热水解污泥的厌氧消化性能提高,经150℃处理污泥的产气量最大,比未处理污泥高28.5%,而在添加量为0.1 g时,污泥的厌氧消化性能受到抑制,产气量低于未处理污泥.