1996～2015年云贵川草地生态系统生产力的时空格局

云贵川草地是中国草地的重要组成部分,在我国生态文明建设和响应全球气候变化中具有重要的地位,分析其净初级生产力（NPP）变化格局具有重要意义。利用研究区的AVHRR、MODIS遥感影像等数据及周边地区的气象资料,结合改进的CASA模型,对云贵川地区草地1996～2015年20 a间的NPP及草地植被相关生态特征进行估算,并对其时空特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）20 a间云贵川草地NDVI值变化规律性明显,97.18%的草地面积年平均NDVImax呈现增加趋势。（2）20 a间云贵川草地NPP总体上呈现出“西北低、西南高、东部居中”的空间格局,年均NPP值为420.85 gC·m-2。 （3）时间格局上,20 a间整个云贵川区域逐年平均NPP值虽然有一定的波动性,但仍以7.2322 gC·m-2·a-1的速率在增加。20 a间夏季NPP平均值最高,为160.25 gC·m-2;春季次之,NPP平均值为 109.10 gC·m-2;秋季与春季相比,NPP值稍低,为106.10 gC·m-2;冬季最低,为54.03 gC·m-2。     

Macrophyte species composition and structure along littoral region in relation to limnological variables of a tropical wetland ecosystem

The composition and structure of macrophyte communities of the littoral region of Bhindawas wetland (India) was investigated. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) if limnological variables such as water chemistry and soil parameters are important determinants of species composition and abundance and (2) what is the variance in species richness and composition within the wetland. Twenty-eight macrophyte species belonging to 17 different families were identified with relatively low species diversity and richness (H′?=?2.09; Margalef index?=?1.12). Eichhornia crassipes, attained the highest relative frequency (22.69%), followed by Salvinia natans, Paspalum paspaloides, Phragmites karka, Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus alopecuroides. The first and second axis of CCA ordination explained 38.4% and 28.5% of the total variance of species–limnological variables relationship, respectively. Water-related variables (dissolved oxygen, pH and nitrate concentration) and soil nutrient factors (soil carbon and phosphorus levels) were significantly correlated to macrophyte distribution. Sampling sites formed two distinct groups based on cluster analysis, indicating varying ecological conditions. Generally, composition and abundance of macrophytes evince highly productive nature of the lake, while dominance of invasive species like E. crassipes and S. natans indicates high influence of increased nutrient levels and anthropogenic activities in the catchment on lake macrophyte composition.     

热分析在椰壳活性炭制备过程中的应用

以椰壳炭为原料,水为活化剂,利用同步热重-差热分析（TG—DTA）仪对椰壳炭活化的机理、浸渍时间、反应热效应以及微波辐照对椰壳活性炭制备的影响进行了探讨。实验表明,不同的椰壳炭都有一个吸热脱水失重阶段。随着浸渍时间的增加,活化点、失重率以及相应放热温度区间的上限温度均增加,当浸渍时间由24h延长到48h时,390～998℃失重率由11．001％增加到32．048％,放热温度区间的上限温度由660℃增加为855℃,放热效应有利于水蒸气与椰壳炭在800～900℃高温下的吸热活化反应,同时有利于使水一椰壳炭通过微波辐照迅速达到活化反应温度,为椰壳活性炭的制备提供理论依据。     

基于RS和GIS的陕西省洛川县土地利用类型和植被覆盖变化特征

明确土地利用类型转变和植被覆盖度变化的范围、幅度和归因是评估生态工程环境效应的前提。然而,在黄土高原塬区县域尺度类似的研究鲜有报道。基于长时间序列NDVI数据和Landsat系列卫星数据,探究了黄土高原洛川县土地利用和植被覆盖度的变化状况。结果表明：退耕还林（草）工程实施以来,洛川县植被覆盖度从0.6（2000年）增至0.9（2020年）,耕地面积减少了481.8 km²,其中212.8 km²为坡度＜15°的适耕区转为苹果园,耕地改种苹果后植被覆盖度从0.5增至0.8。由于坡耕地还林草的面积在洛川县土地变化总面积中仅占1.5%,远小于其他地类改种苹果的面积（占20.0%）,因此,洛川县植被覆盖度的提升主要是政府大力推广苹果树种植的结果。本研究可为黄土高原经济林建设提供基础数据和科学参考。     

Effect of heavy metals on soil nematode communities in the vicinity of a metallurgical factory

The influence of Cu and Zn on soil nematode communities was examined along a pollution gradient with increasing distance from a metallurgical factory. Total and available heavy metal contents were used to study the effects of heavy metals on nematode abundance, trophic groups and ecological indices. The results demonstrated significant correlations between the number of total nematodes, bacterivores, plant-parasites and the total and available heavy metals. Bacterivores and plant-parasites were the dominant trophic groups. Significant differences in different sampling sites were found only in the number of bacterivores（P〈0.01）. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index（W）, trophic diversity index（TD）, evenness index（J＇） and dominance index（λ） were found to be sensitive to soil pH and C/N ratios. Significant correlations were found between the total nematodes （TNEM）, some genera （A crobeloides, Aphelenchoides, Cephalobus, Ditylenchus, Mesorhabditis, Tetylenchus and Tylenchus） and distance from the factory.     

Landscape as a predictor of wetland condition: an evaluation of the Landscape Development Index (LDI) with a large reference wetland dataset from Ohio

RecentAbstract. Recent approaches to wetland assessment have advocated a multilevel approach which incorporates assessments based on landscape (remote sensing) data, on-site but “rapid” methods, and intensive methods where quantitative data is collected. Brown and Vivas (2004) recently pro- posed an assessment method that uses remote sensing information (Landscape Development Index or LDI) and propose that it may also be usable as a quantified human disturbance gradient. The LDI was evaluated using a large reference wetland data set from Ohio using land use percentages within a 1 km radius circle of the wetlands. The LDI had interpretable and significant relationships with another human disturbance gradient (the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method for Wetlands or ORAM) and with most metrics and scores from the Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI) developed for use in the State of Ohio. Metrics from emergent wetlands had the most significant correlations with the LDI (10 of 10 metrics), followed by forested wetlands (8 of 10 metrics) and shrub wetlands (4 of 10). Poor correlation for VIBI scores and metrics of shrub wetlands was due to differences in attainable LDI scores based on ecoregion and natural buffers shielding the wetland from otherwise intensive land uses. The ORAM and VIBI were developed for use in wetlands in Ohio completely independent of the LDI. It is an important test of the LDI concept that so many interpretable and significant relationships occurred between the VIBI scores, VIBI metric values, and the ORAM scores. For the purposes of VIBI development, the LDI is an independent, quantified disturbance gradient that has provided an additional test of the VIBI. Given its theoretical underpinnings and the fact that it uses quantified land use percentages, the LDI has many advantages over more qualita- tive human disturbance gradients. Using land use percentages from increasingly smaller distances from the wetland edge (100-200 m) may improve the resolution of the LDI to detect on-site dis-turbances to a wetland which degrade its ecological condition. The LDI should be evaluated with other large reference data sets in other regions to evaluate its validity and usefulness as an assessment tool.     

Suitability of the vegetation types in Mexico's Tamaulipas state for the siting of hazardous waste treatment plants

A land suitability study was carried out by applying a multiple-criteria technique to 12 different vegetation types in Mexico's Tamaulipas state to help select potentially suitable sites for hazardous waste treatment plants. Species richness, spatial distribution, and uniqueness were selected as the criteria for estimating a vegetation type's suitability. Using the analytical hierarchy process, we ranked and mapped vegetation types, then compared the results with rankings of the same vegetation types based only on their number of endemic species. The suitabilities of the various vegetation types were ordered in more or less the same way by both methods, except in two cases for which the results were very different. The method proved to be a useful tool despite the availability of only partial (mostly qualitative) information; under such circumstances, expert experience can be incorporated in the evaluation process to a limited degree. The technique described in this paper has a high potential to aid decisions when many opinions and options must be considered simultaneously.     

微波解毒含铬废渣

用褐煤作还原剂还原含铬废渣中Cr6+,考察了褐煤以及铬渣在微波场中的升温行为,研究了铬渣解毒的影响因素。实验结果表明,铬渣和褐煤在微波环境中都能升温达到还原反应温度,Cr6+的转化率和体系温度随着微波功率的增加、辐射时间延长、煤渣比增加、煤渣量增加Cr6+的转化率相应提高。在微波功率为700W,辐射时间为20min,煤渣比为20∶100,煤渣量为20g时,Cr6+的转化率达到99.12%,体系温度达到1050℃。     

微波消解法与回流法测定COD值定量关系的研究

运用微波消解法和国标回流法分别测定不同浓度同一标准水样的COD,运用数据分析中的基本偏差分析与T检验法,通过多项式拟合的手段,确立了表述两种方法测定结果的定量方程,为分析水样的COD提供了快速简便的新方法。     

微波法污水厂污泥制备活性炭的研究

研究了以污水厂污泥为原料、微波辐照下磷酸活化法制备污泥活性炭的工艺条件,探讨了微波功率、辐照时间以及磷酸浓度对活性炭碘值的影响.结果表明,微波功率480 W、辐照时间315 s、磷酸浓度40%～45%的条件下,制备的污泥活性炭碘值为301 mg/g,总孔孔容是0.37 mL/g,平均孔径8.8 nm,比表面积168 m2/g.将该污泥活性炭用于处理TNT红水,吸附效果良好.