电动修复过程中电解质浓度对U(Ⅵ)迁移和能耗的影响

采用了柠檬酸与氯化铁组合的一种复合电解质,研究不同的电解质浓度对U（Ⅵ）的迁移行为和能量利用率的影响.结果表明：柠檬酸和氯化铁的最佳浓度为0.1mol/L CA+0.03mol/L FeCl₃,该浓度时铀的去除效率约为（61.55±0.41）%,累积消耗能量为0.2559kW·h,能量有效利用率β为（0.24±0.02）×10³.采用Visual MNIETQ软件模拟铀在pH值为3.0的柠檬酸和氯化铁溶液中的存在形式,结果表明主要以大量铀-柠檬酸根络合物（UO₂-Citrate^-）和少量的铀酰离子（UO₂²⁺）存在,此时铀主要从阴极向阳极迁移.当氯化铁浓度增加至0.05mol/L时,铀的去除率相应减少,产生此现象与电渗流强度及方向、氢氧化铁胶体吸附等因素有关.相较于单一的柠檬酸和盐酸,以柠檬酸和氯化铁组合的电解液具备去除效率高、浸出毒性低、土壤修复后危害小等优势.     

碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物EPR信号形成研究

为考察碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的形成情况及其影响因素,以NaOH溶液为对象,利用EPR（electron paramagnetic resonance,电子顺磁共振）技术,通过DMPO（5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉-N-氧化物）自旋捕获,对不同条件下NaOH溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的形成及变化规律进行研究,探讨DMPO-OH加合物的生成过程及降解过程反应机制.结果表明:①将DMPO添加到碱溶液中后,在EPR内检测到典型的DMPO-OH四重特征峰（1:2:2:1）,说明碱溶液中形成了DMPO-OH加合物.②紫外光激发下,碱溶液体系能产生更强的DMPO-OH加合物特征信号,暗反应体系次之,可见光条件下最弱.③体系中DMPO-OH加合物的生成与碱溶液浓度密切相关,当c（NaOH）由0.001 mol/L增至2 mol/L时,DMPO-OH加合物的EPR信号峰呈先增后减最终几乎消失的变化趋势.④紫外光照时间对体系中DMPO-OH加合物的存在影响显著,随着光照时间的延长,DMPO-OH加合物的浓度并没有逐渐增高,而是更加倾向于逐渐降低的趋势,这可能是由于形成的DMPO-OH加合物在短时间内被淬灭或分解.⑤碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的生成过程为瞬态过程,降解过程占主导,并且紫外光在其生成及降解过程中发挥了重要作用.研究显示,当c（DMPO）为350 mmol/L、c（NaOH）为0.1 mol/L、紫外光照时间为15 min时,碱溶液中DMPO-OH加合物的EPR信号最佳.      

AQS对Shewanella oneidensis MR-1还原含Cd聚合硫酸铁絮体的影响

考察了一种典型的溶解性腐殖质蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(disodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate,AQS)存在时,典型异化铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1在厌氧条件下还原含镉聚铁絮体的过程。结果表明:AQS的存在促进了含Cd絮体中Fe(Ⅲ)的还原,也促进了Cd~(2+)的释放。相比无AQS体系,存在AQS的体系中,Fe~(2+)和Cd~(2+)达到最高浓度的时间均有所缩短,最高浓度也更高;且低浓度AQS的促进效果明显高于高浓度AQS;AQS的存在没有改变二次矿物的种类,仍是针铁矿和磁铁矿,但降低了矿物的结晶度,且AQS浓度越高,改变越明显。存在AQS的体系中,菌体结合的Cd~(2+)更多,且镉的直接释放和间接释放风险均增大,低浓度AQS体系中镉的直接释放风险更大。     

土壤包气带含水率对氯代烃垂向迁移影响的模拟研究

氯代烃类挥发性有机物在土壤包气带中的垂向迁移是该类污染物呼吸暴露风险的重要途径.为探究氯代烃在土壤包气带中的垂向迁移规律,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究土壤包气带含水率对不同氯代烃〔TCE(三氯乙烯)、PCE(四氯乙烯)〕气相扩散速率的影响,并通过线性拟合筛选出更准确的气相有效扩散系数预测模型.结果表明,土壤含水率与氯代烃气相有效扩散系数呈显著负相关〔R=-0.89,P < 0.01,n=7(TCE);R=-0.86,P < 0.01,n=7(PCE)〕.随着土壤含水率由0.5%增至40.0%,TCE气相有效扩散系数(D_T)由0.035 9 cm2/s降至0.002 5 cm2/s,平衡时间由13 h增至91 h,平衡时气体浓度由4.22 g/m3降至0.31 g/m3;PCE气相有效扩散系数(D_P)由0.033 9 cm2/s降至0.001 1 cm2/s,平衡时间由15 h增至103 h,平衡时气体浓度由3.01 g/m3降至0.12 g/m3.与Penman模型、Marshall模型模拟值相比,Millington-Quirk模型模拟值与氯代烃气相有效扩散系数实测值的拟合程度更好(R>0.95,P < 0.01,n=7).研究显示,土壤包气带含水率的增加对氯代烃气相扩散有明显的抑制作用.      

90Sr在干旱地区包气带砂土中的迁移研究

放射性废物处置的基本安全目标是保护人类和环境免受电离辐射的有害影响.开展处置场环境影响评价可以量化它对人体健康和环境潜在影响.90Sr是放射性废物中具有代表性的裂变核素.为了获取90Sr在干旱地区某处置场址包气带砂土中的迁移规律,采用静态实验和动态实验对其在砂土的迁移进行了研究.结果表明,对于该场址,砂土对90Sr的吸附能力较弱;静态实验测量得到的分配系数与动态实验拟合计算得到的相差约一个量级;采用非平衡模式模拟该场址包气带砂土中90Sr的迁移更为恰当.     

非农就业对南方集体林区不同规模林农营林轮伐期的影响

在中国农村劳动力非农就业不断加速的背景下,探讨非农就业对集体林区不同规模林农营林轮伐期的影响机制,有助于明确不同规模经营主体今后的用材林营林目标和林业在山区未来的经营发展模式,同时为林业规模化经营的合理性提供客观依据。基于劳动力转移新经济学理论,通过对浙江、江西和福建三省450户林农的调查,收集杉木营林的地块投入产出数据,在此基础上,运用Faustmann模型计算规模户与普通户的理论最优轮伐期,运用计量模型分析非农就业对集体林区不同规模林农采伐轮伐期的影响机制。研究结果发现,普通户和规模户的理论最优轮伐期趋同;非农就业的劳动力流失效应造成普通户营林的预期主伐时间显著短于理论最优轮伐期,而规模户非农就业带来的收入效应造成其采伐决策接近于理论最优轮伐期。在农村非农就业不断增加背景下,南方集体林区规模化经营的方式有利于接近最优采伐决策,更适合于培育大径材,增加林业生态和经济效益。     

造船门式起重机常见事故规律分析与对策研究

随着我国船舶工业的快速发展,船舶修造行业的主要配套设备—大型造船门式起重机也迅速增长,由于这类起重机具有结构庞大、工作环境复杂等特点,因此在使用过程中极容易发生事故。通过对造船起重机发生的常见事故进行分析与研究,得出发生事故的主要原因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

二氧化碳地质储存动态监测研究

将化石燃料燃烧产生的CO2进行储存,是当前减缓温室效应的有效途径之一.为了保证储存的有效性、安全性和持久性,必须开展科学、严格的监测,从而为整个储存工程的成功提供重要技术支撑.详细阐述了当前CO2地质储存采用的各项动态监测技术与方法.     

Estimation of pasture infectivity according to weather conditions through a fuzzy parametrized model for the free-living stage of Ostertagia ostertagi

Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the diseases that has the highest economic impact on the Argentinian beef production system, rendering it inefficient. In the region of the Humid Pampas, it has been estimated that 22 million dollars are lost annually because of the death of calves and 170 million dollars are lost in sub-clinic costs. A mathematical model with fuzzy parameters was constructed for the analysis of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal parasites, with the purpose of estimating the pool of L3 larvae available for migration to pasture and the levels of infection in pasture at any time of the year under different climatic conditions. The model is formulated in terms of a system of three difference equations. These equations describe the abundance of parasites in each of the successive stages of the population development. The model was calibrated and tested with data gathered through fieldwork carried out in Tandil (37°19′S, 59°08′05″W), province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and the corresponding weather data. A comparison between model simulations and fieldwork data obtained in other locations achieved satisfactory results.     

Environmental characteristics of urban-rural farming migrants in the Republic of Korea and their significance for rural sustainability

ABSTRACT

The number of households migrating to agricultural villages has sharply increased in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) since the late 1990s when the Asian economic crisis developed. This study investigates the environmental behaviour and the socio-economic characteristics of urban-rural migrant farming households and provides insights into their significance for rural sustainability in South Korea. The study is based on survey data collected in 2016 from a sample of 166 migrant farming households and 46 native farming households from the Namwon region in South Korea. The migrant farming households are divided into 29 return and 137 non-return farming households. It was found that most non-return migrants are organic farmers, and can be characterised as anti-urban, amenity-pursuing, green, and lifestyle migrants. It is no wonder that they have a strong intent to make their new home an environmentally, socially and economically sustainable place for their children. Thus, appropriate policy measures need to be designed in such a way to facilitate the synergy between the repopulation of rural areas by farming migrants, their uptake of organic farming, their active engagement in community rebuilding, and regional economic development.