智能家电的低待机功耗研究

从智能家电待机工作状态入手,分析电器产品中参与待机工作的各部分电路原理,提出降低潜在功耗设计思路和计算方法,从家电设计研发阶段对待机功耗进行控制,同时对待机功耗精确测量方法关键点进行解读以控制低功耗测试不确定度,有助于低待机功耗设计和测量的标准化和规范化。     

Biological complexity confounds the separation of point- and non-point sources of human impact on the natural world

Identifying process from pattern is one of the most vexing tasks inenvironmental monitoring. Given information on the distribution of speciesin a pre-defined area, together with comprehensive data on how environmentalconditions in that area have altered through time, is it possible toidentify the factors controlling the species‘ layout? Here, the practicalsignificance of this quandary is demonstrated using a series ofenvironmentally-degraded coastal lagoons in New South Wales. The TuggerahLakes (33°17′S,151°30′E) have over the last 50 yearsexperienced significant changes in species‘ distributions. Seagrasses,macroalgae, phytoplankton, molluscs, prawns and the jellyfish Catostylus mosaicus have altered in spatial pattern. Two human activitieshave been blamed for these perturbations: (1) agricultural clearance ofnative vegetation from the catchment, with associated input of top-soil andnutrients; (2) the commissioning of a coal-fired power station in 1967, withmassive uptake and recirculation of lake water for cooling purposes. In thispaper, spatial changes in macrophyte distributions over the last 50 yearsare reviewed in an attempt to identify the true source(s) of perturbation.The model adopted assumes that the power station is a point source of impactwhile nutrient inputs from the catchment are a diffuse source of impact;changes in species distributions can hypothetically be related back to thesesources according to whether they are localised or widespread. However,after a comprehensive analysis of available macrophyte data derived frominterviews, aerial photography and line transect methodologyies theconclusion is reached that changes in biogeographical pattern around theTuggerah Lakes cannot be attributed to specific anthropogenic pressures atanything beyond the coarsest of levels. This is considered to be the normfor most coastal management situations where natural background variation(’noise‘) and the complexity of linkages between physical, chemical andbiological components confounds the identification of causal relationships.The practical implications of this conclusion are discussed in the contextof litigation and remedial management design. Emphasis is placed on theneed to adopt an adaptive approach to estuarine management, incorporatingexplicit recognition of the limitations of available data, and to developnew techniques for identifying cause-effect relationships.     

田湾核电站外围辐射环境监测工作的质量保证

总结了田湾核电站外围辐射环境监测中的质量保证实施情况，包括：人员培训和考核，仪器设备溯源，样品采集、运输、贮存及生物样品前处理的质控，样品分析和现场监测的质控，数据的记录处理和管理要求等，最后提出几点建议。     

组合人工湿地处理工业园区污水厂尾水的中试研究

在巢湖流域水环境治理中,依托工业园区污水厂,进行了组合人工湿地处理工业园区污水厂尾水的中试研究。介绍了工艺流程和设计参数,运行结果表明,整个处理系统运行稳定,对COD、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别为65.5%、75.5%和49.2%,其中一级潜流湿地对各污染物的去除贡献率最高。系统出水COD、氨氮、总磷基本达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)中的Ⅴ类水标准。此外还利用GC/MS初步对系统进出水进行了有机物组分分析,结果表明尾水中含有除草剂及农药中间体等难降解有机物,组合人工湿地对这些物质有一定去除效果。     

Estimation of thyroid doses and health risks resulting from the intake of radioactive iodine in foods and drinking water by the citizens of Tokyo after the Fukushima nuclear accident

The release of radioactive materials from the Fukushima nuclear power plant after the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011 poses health risks. In this study, the intake of iodine 131 (I-131) in drinking water and foods (milk, dairy products, and vegetables) by citizens of Tokyo was estimated. The effects of countermeasures (restrictions on the distribution of foods and the distribution of bottled water for infants) on reducing intake were also evaluated. The average thyroid equivalent doses without countermeasures from 21 March 2011 were 0.42 mSv in adults, 1.49 mSv in children, and 2.08 mSv in infants. Those with countermeasures were 0.28, 0.97, and 1.14 mSv respectively, reductions of 33%, 35%, and 45%. Drinking water contributed more to intake by adults and children than foods. The intake of I-131 within the first 2 weeks was more than 80% of the estimated intake, owing to its short half-life, indicating that rapid countermeasures are important in reducing intake. The average risks of cancer incidence and mortality due to I-131 for infants were estimated to be 3 × 10⁻⁵ and 0.2 × 10⁻⁵, respectively, lower than the annual risks of traffic accidents, naturally occurring radioactive material (potassium 40), and environmental pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles.     

电站锅炉安全管理

本文对锅炉危险、有害因素和事故进行了分析,从锅炉的设计、制造、安装、调试、检验、修理和改造等环节阐述了锅炉安全管理的有关要求,并重点阐述了锅炉使用(运行)过程中的安全管理和锅炉"四管"爆漏的预防措施。     

电力突发事件应急管理中的博弈

电力安全一直是人们关注的问题,电力系统对无法预料的灾难性突发事件表现的非常脆弱,电力突发事件的应急管理对维护电力系统安全运行具有十分重要的意义。电力突发事件的状态是在不断变化的,应急管理人员必须根据电力突发事件发展趋势动态地调整管理活动。本文分析了突发事件应急管理中＂电力突发事件＂与＂应急管理者＂之间的动态博弈过程,＂应急管理者＂会随着＂电力突发事件＂的动态演变,不断调整其管理方法,控制住＂电力突发事件＂。通过分析＂电力突发事件＂与＂应急管理者＂之间的博弈,构建了电力突发事件有效应急管理程序。＂应急管理人员＂以动态博弈的思想处理＂电力突发事件＂,结果表明该方法能更好的发挥应急处理预案的作用,更有效的处置＂电力突发事件＂。     

磁暴对沿海核电站变压器安全影响的研究

磁暴产生的地磁感应电流(GIC)直接损伤变压器和间接干扰继电保护等设备,强磁暴可能威胁到电网的安全运行。为探明磁暴对沿海核电站变压器的影响,对第23太阳周峰年强磁暴侵害广东岭澳核电站、江苏上河变电站的GIC测量数据,以及西北陕甘青宁750 kV电网计算数据进行统计分析,研究沿海核电站与内陆变电站变压器GIC大小及其差异原因。结果表明,由于受海岸效应现象的影响,沿海核电站的变压器更容易遭受磁暴的侵害。在此基础上,对极端磁暴的可能危害、灾害风险以及沿海核电站的磁暴灾害进行评估,并建议核电站选址和变压器选型时应评估磁暴的影响。     

油田供电企业建立HSE管理体系的探讨

介绍了中国石化HSE管理体系的基本要素和管理模型,通过对油田供电企业安全生产现状的分析,提出了油田供电企业建立HSE管理体系的方法和步骤.     

燃煤火电厂粉尘的危害及防治

系统地分析了火电厂粉尘的来源、性质、危害,并指出必须以粉尘的浓度和粉尘的排放量为标准,采取综合性措施来治理火电厂的粉尘。