Life cycle energy and CO2 emissions analysis of food packaging: an insight into the methodology from an Italian perspective

Packaging is strictly connected to environmental issues as it is a product characterised by high material consumption rate; it is often transported over long distances and has a short life. Providing environmental analysis is, therefore, urgent to identify energy and resources efficient solutions. The paper, taking advantage of a real case study, presents a life cycle-based comparative analysis among three different food packaging systems. The paper compares the life cycle of tin steel, polypropylene and glass-based packaging of an Italian preserves producer. The analysis leads to the conclusion that, for the baseline scenario, polypropylene packaging represents the greenest solution, whereas glass packaging is the worst choice. The paper presents a scenario analysis varying both the method used for accounting for recycling as well as the recycling rates of the packaging materials. Changes in overall results with parameters analysis changing are calculated and highlighted throughout the paper. The impact of a reuse policy of the glass-based solution is also analysed; a model for disposable glass packaging is proposed and the obtained results are compared with the single use polypropylene and tin steel-based packaging. In order to analyse the impact of different End of Life scenarios on the present case study, collecting as well as recycling rates of some European countries have been used. The results revealed a significant fluctuation both in energy consumption and in CO₂ emission as the nation changes. Summing up, a methodology for packaging environmental impact analysis is applied to a real case study, some crucial aspects of the methodology have been analysed in depth in order to give a contribution in packaging environmental impact analysis.     

包装印刷废水处理工程实践

针对包装印刷废水的水质特点,选择“预处理+A2+O”为主体的组合处理工艺。工程实践结果表明工艺合理、技术先进;出水水质达到《水污染物排放限值》(DB44/26-2001)中的一级标准。     

活性炭复合床层对动活性的影响试验

本文通过对KZ1床层、KZ2床层、KZ1和KZ2复合床层在不同床层厚度条件下,对氯化氰蒸气的动活性进行对比试验,并对试验结果进行分析,得出了后者并非前两者之和,而有了大幅提高的结论。     

弹药集装单元动力学试验研究

弹药集装单元是一种新型的弹药保障载具,没有具体的力学试验标准。通过研究弹药保障流程中的装卸与公路运输环境,分析可能出现的振动与冲击效应,参考相关弹药包装试验规程和试验方法,对弹药集装单元进行了相关动力学试验,进而评估弹药集装单元的力学性能,并证明弹药集装单元的设计可以满足弹药集装化保障的强度需求。     

基于标准分析军用飞机实验室淋雨试验参数设计

目的对军用飞机淋雨试验进行降雨参数设计,为军用飞机实验室淋雨试验参数设计提供参考。方法采用逐一分析,横向对比的方法,对国军标中部分与淋雨试验相关的六个标准,以及国外的三个标准,在降雨强度、雨滴直径及降雨方向等的参数设置进行分析。结果总结降雨强度设计的规律以及各标准在实验室淋雨试验设计时的作用,给出飞机水密性淋雨试验和除雨性能淋雨试验的部分降雨参数设计。结论给出的降雨强度参数符合各标准的要求,所总结的规律建立在深层理解各个标准的基础上,为军用飞机实验室淋雨试验参数设计提供了参考。     

Twenty years of PET bottle to bottle recycling—An overview

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has become the most favourable packaging material world-wide for beverages. The reason for this development is the excellent material properties of the PET material, especially its unbreakability and the very low weight of the bottles compared to glass bottles of the same filling volume. Nowadays, PET bottles are used for softdrinks, mineral water, energy drinks, ice teas as well as for more sensitive beverages like beer, wine and juices. For a long time, however, a bottle-to-bottle recycling of post-consumer PET packaging materials was not possible, because of the lack of knowledge about contamination of packaging polymers during first use or recollection. In addition, the decontamination efficiencies of recycling processes were in most cases unknown. During the last 20 years, PET recollection as well as recycling processes made a huge progress. Today, sophisticated decontamination processes, so-called super-clean recycling processes, are available for PET, which are able to decontaminate post-consumer contaminants to concentration levels of virgin PET materials. In the 1991, the first food contact approval of post-consumer PET in direct food contact applications has been given for post-consumer recycled PET in the USA. Now, 20 years after the first food approval of a PET super-clean recycling process, this article gives an overview over the world-wide progress of the bottle-to-bottle recycling of PET beverage bottles, e.g. the recollection amount of post-consumer PET bottles and the super-clean recycling technologies.     

谈新大学生军训中的思想和作风收获

本文立足军训大学生思想作风素质的提升,为进一步巩固校园来之不易的军训成果,结合大一新生的军训实际,从思想意识、意志力水平、作风纪律性、生活自立精神等六个方面概括了大学生在军训中的思想和作风收获.     

飞机字符显示的编码方式

着重论述了各类单个字符及显示格式的编码方式，有些编码方式在实际应用中已得证实，有些仍待研究解决。只有不断探索，才能在“人－机－环”系统中，使飞行员和“机器”能有效而可靠地工作，即“人的特性”与“机器”能有效配合，更好地发挥飞行员的技术和战术水平。由此国军标也将随着科学技术的进步而更加充实、完善、先进、合理。     

光电侦察装备高原环境试验研究

目的保证光电侦察装备高原环境的使用和长期存放要求,满足军用光电器材高原环境适应性,提高光电侦察装备在高原条件下的应用效能,保障武器系统的作战效能。方法基于光电侦察装备的高原试验需求,分析高原环境的特点以及对参试人员、测试保障装备和光电侦察装备的影响,提出光电侦察装备高原试验的保障思路,设计高原试验的评估方法,并进行理论分析、高原环境模拟试验和高原实地试验验证。结果 5 km以下海拔高度,每上升1 km,气压下降约100 kPa;5000～20 000 m,随着海拔高度的上升,气压变化速度变缓,光电装备内部高压的绝缘强度有随之下降的趋势。结论光电侦察装备高原环境试验通过高原环境模拟试验条件可以提前暴露高原实地应用存在的问题,高原环境模拟试验结合高原实地实际条件试验,可以高效解决光电侦察装备的高原环境试验问题。     

Environmental,economic and social costs and benefits of a packaging waste management system: A Portuguese case study

The impact of the management of packaging waste on the environment, economic growth and job creation is analyzed in this paper. This integrated assessment intends to cover a gap in the literature for this type of studies, using the specific case study of the Portuguese packaging waste management system (SIGRE).The net environmental benefits associated with the management of packaging waste, are calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The results show that, for the categories studied, the impacts associated to SIGRE's various activities are surpassed by the benefits associated to material and energy recovery, with special focus on recycling. For example, in 2011 SIGRE avoided the emission of 116 kt CO₂ equiv. – the equivalent carbon emission of the electricity consumption of 124.000 households in Portugal.The economic impact of SIGRE is evaluated through Input–Output Analysis. It was found that SIGRE's activities also have a significant economic impact. For example, their added value are ranked amongst the upper third of the economic activities with highest multiplier effect at national level: this means that for each Euro of value added generated within SIGRE, 1.25 additional € are added to the rest of the economy (multiplier effect of 2.25).Regarding the social impacts of SIGRE, the number of direct jobs associated with the system is estimated to be more than two thousand and three hundred workers. Out of these, 83% are connected to the management of municipal waste packaging (selective collection and sorting), 15% are connected to the management of non-municipal packaging waste and only 2% are connected to the Sociedade Ponto Verde (SPV, green dot society in English) – the management entity responsible for SIGRE.In general terms, the results obtained provide quantitative support to the EEA (2011) suggestion that moving up the waste hierarchy – from landfilling to recycling – creates jobs and boosts the economy.