基于应力分析法的士兵系统电子器件可靠性研究

目的 提高士兵系统元器件可靠性,提出一种可应用于士兵系统电子装备可靠性设计的方法。方法 以士兵某探测器设计过程为研究对象,依据军用电子元器件标准和规范对2种可靠性保证要求表征方法进行分析,采用应力分析法针对士兵电子器件进行可靠性设计。结果 该探测器的MTBF值为90 345.56 h,达到了该设备基本可靠性要求。当产品工作到2 a时,探测器任务可靠度为0.833,达到了该设备任务可靠性要求。结论 提出的方法可为士兵系统电子装备可靠性设计提供技术支撑。     

Rapid discrimination of plastic packaging materials using MIR spectroscopy coupled with independent components analysis (ICA)

Plastic packaging wastes increased considerably in recent decades, raising a major and serious public concern on political, economical and environmental levels. Dealing with this kind of problems is generally done by landfilling and energy recovery. However, these two methods are becoming more and more expensive, hazardous to the public health and the environment. Therefore, recycling is gaining worldwide consideration as a solution to decrease the growing volume of plastic packaging wastes and simultaneously reduce the consumption of oil required to produce virgin resin. Nevertheless, a major shortage is encountered in recycling which is related to the sorting of plastic wastes. In this paper, a feasibility study was performed in order to test the potential of an innovative approach combining mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy with independent components analysis (ICA), as a simple and fast approach which could achieve high separation rates. This approach (MIR-ICA) gave 100% discrimination rates in the separation of all studied plastics: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polylactide (PLA). In addition, some more specific discriminations were obtained separating plastic materials belonging to the same polymer family e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE) from low density polyethylene (LDPE). High discrimination rates were obtained despite the heterogeneity among samples especially differences in colors, thicknesses and surface textures. The reproducibility of the proposed approach was also tested using two spectrometers with considerable differences in their sensitivities. Discrimination rates were not affected proving that the developed approach could be extrapolated to different spectrometers. MIR combined with ICA is a promising tool for plastic waste separation that can help improve performance in this field; however further technological improvements and developments are required before it can be applied at an industrial level given that all tests presented here were performed under laboratory conditions.     

提高军官常服皮鞋穿着与视觉舒适性探讨

本文通过军人脚型测量分析、军鞋审美取向调查分析、军鞋重量与运动性能试验分析等探讨研究,获得了脚型、式样、重量等相关数据,对于新式军鞋研究、生产和使用具有一定的参考作用。     

Definition of compostability criteria for packaging: Initiatives in Italy

The management of solid waste is changing. The traditional approach based on landfilling of mixed refuses is shifting toward a system based on the at-source sorting of waste into specific fractions. The biological treatment of the organic fraction is considered to be an appropriate form of disposal not only for the “traditional≓ feedstock such as food scraps and vegetable and garden waste, but also for biodegradable packaging, when not recyclable in other ways. Any change from a complex system to another is difficult since many factors are to be organized and optimized. Industry must develop and manufacture compostable products, municipalities must build composting plants and organize source-separated collection, and regulatory bodies must define widely acceptable criteria of compostability. In Europe, the European Union has assigned the last task to the CEN, to provide common criteria and avoid hindrance to commercial exchanges. In Italy the UNI, the national standardization organization, has produced a working document to contribute to the discussion on the European level. In this paper the UNI scheme is described. A condensed version of this paper was presented by one of the authors (F.D.I.) at the 5th annual meeting of the BEDP Society, held in Nashville, September 22–26, 1996, during a session covering International Standards for Biodegradation Testing.     

Enzymatic Degradation of Cellulose-Based Materials

The biodegradability of cellulose-based materials was compared in the standard Sturm test and by enzymatic hydrolysis. Trichoderma reesei culture filtrate, the purified enzymes endoglucanase I and II from T. reesei, and -glucosidase from Aspergillus niger were used in the experiments. The unpurified Trichoderma reesei culture filtrate was found to contain a mixture of enzymes suitable for cellulose degradation. However, when purified enzymes were used the right balance of the individual enzymes was necessary. The addition of -glucosidase enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose materials when both culture filtrate and purified enzymes were used. In the Sturm test the biodegradability of most of the cellulose materials exceeded 70% carbon dioxide generation, but, in contrast, the biodegradability of the highly substituted aminated cellulose and cellulose acetate was below 10%. The results concerning enzymatic hydrolysis and biodegradability were in good agreement for kraft paper, sausage casing, aminated cellulose, and cellulose acetate. However, diverging results were obtained with cotton fabric, probably as a result of its high crystallinity.     

Oxygen and Water Barrier Properties of Coated Whey Protein and Chitosan Films

Films of whey protein and chitosan acetic acid salt have lower oxygen permeability than, for example, ethylene-co-vinylalcohol under dry conditions, but water and water vapor seriously impair the gas barrier properties. To reduce the oxygen permeability at 90% relative humidity and the water-vapor transmission rate at 100% relative humidity, the films were coated with an alkyd, a beeswax compound, or a nitrocellulose lacquer. Permeability and transmission rate measurements were performed in accordance with standard methods and showed that the beeswax compound and the nitrocellulose were appropriate as water-vapor barriers. Overall migration to water was measured after 10 days exposure time, with the coated surface exposed to the water, showing that the alkyd-coated and the nitrocellulose-coated films were both below the safety limit for food contact. Water absorbency tests, performed by the Cobb method, showed that the films coated with the beeswax compound or with nitrocellulose lacquer exhibit lower absorbency than the alkyd-coated films.     

Influence of Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of Cassava Starch Foams

The utilization of renewable resources in packaging can provide solutions to ecological problems such as waste quantity. Agricultural resources are alternative raw materials, among which there is starch, a natural polysaccharide that can be used to form resistant foam under wet and warm conditions. The starch foam is obtained by thermo pressing process where cassava starch, water and additives are processed to form a rigid structure by swelling, gelatinization and network formation. Natural fibers can be used to improve the mechanical properties of starch foams. In this project was investigated the influence of the addition of fibers in the levels of 1, 2 and 3% of cassava (short fiber) and 1, 2 and 3% of wheat fiber (powered fiber) in the starch dough. The foams were characterized by physical methods of strength, flexibility, density and by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The increase in fibers quantity has resulted in foams with higher density and less flexibility, whatever the fiber type. Most fibers quantity did not improve the foam strength. Foam made with 1% of cassava fiber showed higher compression strength; by increasing the percentage quantity there was a decrease on the compression resistance. Foam made with wheat fiber presented a lower result in 2%. The fiber type had no statistical significance in strength, flexibility and density foam. Only the fiber quantity was significant. The results showed that both fibers presented limited dimensions to improve the reinforcement of the starch foams up to 1%.     

某型军用电源车高低温环境试验方法探讨

为科学合理地考核某型军用电源车在高低温环境下的性能指标,需要综合考虑该电源车的结构特点,参照不同的试验标准提出试验内容和方法。分析了不同标准在进行实验室高低温环境试验时试验内容的差别,通过对某型军用电源车主要战技指标分析,依据研制总要求,对试验内容进行合理剪裁,对试验顺序进行了适当调整,提出了针对某型军用电源车的试验内容和方法。     

提升光电编码器湿热环境适应性方法研究

目的研究提升光电编码器湿热环境适应性的方法。方法对某型军用电子装备中,光电编码器湿热环境适应性低的原因进行分析,并制定相应的工艺改进方法。结果根据分析可知,潮气进入光电编码器内部和芯线接头处是造成故障率高的原因,拟定了相应的解决方法。由验证试验结果可知,实施工艺改进方法后,光电编码器内部和芯线接头处再无潮气进入。结论经过验证,改进的工艺方法非常有效,光电编码器在湿热环境下的适应能力得到了极大提高。     

军用地面雷达装备环境工程探讨

目的提高军用地面雷达装备的环境适应性。方法按GJB 4239的要求,实施雷达装备的环境工程。简要阐述雷达装备环境工程的各项工作内容和实施方法,分析雷达寿命期内经历的环境和雷达定型阶段的环境鉴定试验方法。结果提出了目前存在的问题并给出了改进建议。结论按GJB4239的要求实施装备环境工程的各项工作,可使军用地面雷达获得良好的环境适应性。