焦粉活性炭的制备及其应用

用废弃焦粉制备焦粉活性炭，通过正交实验考察了各种因素对焦粉活性炭性能的影响。实验结果表明：在活化时间80min、活化温度900℃、碱炭比（氢氧化钾与废弃焦粉的质量比）4、废弃焦粉粒径小于0．05mm的最佳条件下，制备的焦粉活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值为304．8mg／g，产率为35．6％；废弃焦粉的活化是活化剂刻蚀其颗粒形成丰富孔结构的氧化还原反应过程；用最佳条件下制备的焦粉活性炭处理质量浓度为60mg／t．的模拟含Cr^6＋废水，在废水pH为3—4、焦粉活性炭加入量为4g/L、吸附时间为50min的条件下，Cr^6＋去除率达93．2％。     

一种基于钴的丝网印刷磷酸盐传感器研究

采用丝网印刷技术制备用于水中磷酸盐检测的传感器,其中,掺有钴粉的碳浆为工作电极,银/氯化银浆为参比电极.在25℃下,对于用pH为4.0邻苯二甲酸氢钾(KHP)缓冲溶液配制的浓度梯度为1×10-5~0.1mol/L的KH2PO4溶液,钴碳比为1:7磷酸盐丝网印刷电极有良好的能斯特响应,响应斜率为-41.63mV/decade,检测限为5×10-6mol/L,响应时间为60s,稳定性较好.丝网印刷电极的重现性很好,测量同一溶液, 同一钴碳比的丝网印刷电极的相对误差小于1%,不同钴碳比的丝网印刷电极的相对误差小于3.5%.     

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in human milk samples in Vojvodina,Serbia: Estimation of average daily intake by babies

The objectives of the study were to determine the aflatoxin M1 content in human milk samples in Vojvodina, Serbia, and to assess the risk of infants' exposure to aflatoxins food contamination. The growth of Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin B1 in corn samples resulted in higher concentrations of AFM1 in milk and dairy products in 2013, indicating higher concentrations of AFM1 in human milk samples in 2013 and 2014 in Serbia. A total number of 60 samples of human milk (colostrum and breast milk collected 4–8 months after delivery) were analyzed for the presence of AFM1 using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. The estimated daily intake of AFM1 through breastfeeding was calculated for the colostrum samples using an average intake of 60 mL/kg body weight (b.w.)/day on the third day of lactation. All breast milk collected 4–8 months after delivery and 36.4% of colostrum samples were contaminated with AFM1. The greatest percentage of contaminated colostrum (85%) and all samples of breast milk collected 4–8 months after delivery had AFM1 concentration above maximum allowable concentration according to the Regulation on health safety of dietetic products. The mean daily intake of AFM1 in colostrum was 2.65 ng/kg bw/day. Results of our study indicate the high risk of infants' exposure, who are at the early stage of development and vulnerable to toxic contaminants.     

钢渣热焖技术分析与应用实践

综合分析了珠海中冶环保建筑材料有限公司50万t/a钢渣生产线所采用的熔融钢渣辊压-有压自解技术的特点,及其在2014年的主要技术和经济指标。结果表明,熔融钢渣辊压-有压热闷自解处理技术具有适应性强、处理时间短、尾渣稳定性好等特点,是实现钢渣高价值资源化利用的新技术,具有广阔的发展前景。     

Monitoring of environmental contaminants in raw bovine milk and estimates of dietary intakes of children in South Korea

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous residual contaminants in the environment and in the food chain. Milk is an important matrix for monitoring POP contamination. This study determined the concentrations of POPs including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in raw bovine milk, and the data was used to estimate dietary intakes in South Korea. The average concentrations of PBDEs, HCB, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs in raw milk were 0.29 ng g⁻¹ fat, 0.50 ng g⁻¹ fat, 0.27 pg TEQ g⁻¹ fat, and 0.33 pg TEQ g⁻¹ fat, respectively. No significant relationship was found between the concentrations of analytes and the regions sampled. The dietary intakes of PBDEs from the consumption of milk was calculated to be 0.26, 0.10, and 0.05 ng kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for the group of ages 0–6, 7–12, and 13–19, respectively. The dietary intakes of HCB was calculated to be 0.44, 0.16, and 0.09 ng kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for the group of ages 0–6, 7–12, and 13–19, respectively. The dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs was calculated to be 0.78, 0.29, and 0.16 pg TEQ kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for the group of ages 0–6, 7–12, and 13–19, respectively. These results indicated that the residual levels of PBDEs, HCB, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs in raw bovine milk were within safe levels.     

贝壳粉型煤固硫剂固硫的实验及机理研究

以贝壳粉作为型煤固硫剂,用正交实验的方法研究了影响贝壳粉固硫率的主要影响因素,在高温(1 150℃)时固硫效率达到56.6%,比CaCO3的固硫率提高40%以上,具有较好的高温固硫性。分析得知,贝壳的主要成分为CaCO3,其含钙量在40%左右,贝壳中又含有较高的Na等碱金属元素以及Fe,Al和Si等。用X射线粉末衍射法分析了高温(1 150℃)型煤样生成的灰渣,分析了贝壳粉作为型煤固硫剂在高温下具有较高固硫率的机理。发现CaAlSi2O8为主的复合晶体在高温下包裹在CaSO4的表面,抑制了CaSO4的热分解从而有效地提高了固硫率。     

利用皂角粉促进污泥水解酸化

针对目前投加常用表面活性剂促进污泥水解酸化的方法存在二次污染与负面效应等问题,提出利用皂角粉促进污泥水解酸化的新方法,考察皂角粉投加量对促进污泥水解酸化效果的影响,分析发酵过程皂角粉与污泥混合体系VSS的变化情况。实验结果表明,投加皂角粉可有效地促进污泥水解酸化,水解酸化液中SCOD、DOC和ThODVFAs浓度均随皂角粉投加量增大而增大,皂角粉投加量/体系中污泥VSS质量为0.20 g·g-1的条件下,污泥水解酸化5 d时,三者分别达到最高值3 724.7、1 485.3和2 044.7 mg·L-1,分别约为不加皂角粉对照组的3倍、4倍和10倍;控制相同的初始体系VSS,改变不同体系中皂角粉占体系VSS的比例,发酵过程中不同体系的ThODVFAs含量相近。消耗相同的体系VSS时,VFAs生成量随体系中皂角粉所占比例的增大而减小,皂角粉作为表面活性剂的作用要远高于作为代谢基质的作用。研究表明,皂角粉是一种经济的环境友好的可用于促进污泥水解酸化的天然表面活性剂。     

蹄角粉及其水解多肽对污染土壤中Cu2+形态调控效应

以含氮12%左右的屠宰场废弃蹄角为原料,经过超细粉碎打破蹄角晶体结构和在极端环境下人工水解为游离巯基多肽将其作为肥料对植物的生长效应和对土壤中Cu2+的钝化效应进行研究。结果表明：在清洁土壤种植小白菜实验中,其单株最高生物量为水解多肽组合（17.81 g）,比市售复混肥生物量（15.52 g）高2.29 g,且最高相对叶绿素为50.03,直接用蹄角粉处理小白菜也可达到单株生物量 17.72 g,这表明蹄角粉及其水解多肽对植物的生长具有明显的促进效应,是一种优质有机肥;钝化效应研究发现,在总铜含量为80、100、300 mg·kg-1的污染土壤中,蹄角粉及其水解多肽均有钝化效应,经过45 d的钝化处理,蹄角粉效果最佳,对3种污染土壤的有效铜含量降低率分别为50.20%、47.21%、42.30%,比水解多肽处理组分别高29.97%、11.70%、7.9%。钝化与种植结合实验表明,小白菜总铜含量符合GB 5009.13-2017标准限值要求。说明蹄角粉及其水解多肽既有肥料效应,又有钝化效应,可用于铜污染土壤的钝化修复。     

木质素对豆粉和尼龙在热转化过程中有机氮的释放规律

利用热重-傅里叶变换红外分析仪（TG-FTIR）和管式炉装置等技术,对木质素与豆粉和尼龙共热解及燃烧过程中有机氮释放规律进行了研究,分析了各温度下的协同效应。结果表明,热解工况下,豆粉和尼龙材料热解主要生成NH3。当豆粉与木质素质量比达到1:1时,NH3增加15.6%,但HCN降低了73.1%;对尼龙,加入同样比例的木质素可有效降低18.5%的NH3。燃烧工况下,当豆粉与木质素质量比为3:1时,NOx排放量仅为计算值的28.1%;木质素也使尼龙减排36.6%的NH3。木质素对2种材料的作用机理不同,但都能有效降低热转化过程中含氮气体的排放。     

欧版磨粉机在脱硫石灰石制粉中的应用

环保脱硫工艺中的脱硫剂大都为石灰石粉,石灰石粉的品质、细度及粒径分布是影响脱硫效果的关键性因素之一,而选择合适的石灰石粉制备的工艺和装备则对整个脱硫过程起着至关重要的作用;本文重点介绍了欧版磨粉机制备脱硫石灰石粉的技术特点及其在环保脱硫石灰石制粉中的应用。