氯化钠粉末对镁粉爆炸猛度的影响研究

通过对固体惰性介质在减轻镁粉爆炸作用的实验研究,给出影响固体惰化剂作用效果的主要影响因素。实验分别选用3种不同粒径的镁粉样品,并选取氯化钠粉末作为固体惰化介质,用20L球形爆炸测试装置进行实验,测定镁粉中加入不同含量的氯化钠粉未后镁粉爆炸的最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率值。结果表明：氯化钠粉末能够起到减轻镁粉爆炸影响的作用,并且随着镁粉粒度的减小,要达到相同的抑爆效果需要的氯化钠粉末的用量将加大。     

废线路板粉末中二噁英含量的测定

采用加速溶剂萃取-柱层析-高分辨质谱法检测废线路板粉末样品中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的含量。采用TRDIOXIN-5MS毛细管色谱柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)进行分离和多离子检测(MID)模式进行检测,以保留时间和同位素特征离子丰度比进行定性,用13C标记同位素稀释内标法进行定量。结果表明,17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs化合物的标准曲线的线性相关性良好,线性相关系数均大于0.999 9,该方法分析的提取内标的平均回收率范围为37.25%~82.75%,RSD8%,样品中各异构体的加标回收率为112.66%~124.26%,RSD7%。应用该方法检测废线路板粉末样品,回收率在58.67%~123.00%范围内,1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDF、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDD、OCDF、OCDD的质量比分别为2.74、2.50、5.57、16.37 pg/g,TEQ分别为0.027 4、0.025 0、0.005 6、0.016 4 ng/kg。     

工业粉体下落过程粉尘排放特性的实验研究

根据与维也纳工业大学化学工程研究所共同确定的实验方案,在实验室开发并设计了一套自由下落装置,研究粉体下落过程中粉尘的排放特性。通过实验主要测定下落高度、空气湿度和质量流量对粉尘排放的影响。实验结果表明,下落高度和空气湿度对粉尘排放均有影响,且空气湿度对粗粒子的排放影响较大,对细粒子影响较小;随着质量流量的增加,粉尘产生率逐渐减小,但质量流量的增加也会增加粉尘浓度,加重了对工人的危害。建立了影响因素与粉尘产生率之间的数学模型,经检验,二者之间存在显著相关,实测值与理论计算值基本一致,可以应用已建立的数学模型定量评价粉尘产生量。     

纳米粉体抑制矿井瓦斯爆炸的实验研究

针对目前粉体抑爆剂抑制矿井瓦斯爆炸的局限性,采用自主改进的20 L近球型瓦斯抑爆实验系统进行纳米粉体的抑爆实验。其结果表明:同微米级粉体相比,纳米粉体的抑爆效果更好,甲烷最大爆炸压力、压力上升平均速率分别下降了70.5%和90%以上,爆炸压力峰值时间延长了3倍多;依据纳米粉体表面效应理论,从对爆炸过程中自由基的抑制作用分析了纳米粉体特殊的阻燃抑爆作用,并对纳米粉体及相关技术抑爆进行了展望。     

Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by jackfruit (Artocarpus heteropyllus) leaf powder: A fixed-bed column study

Continuous fixed-bed studies were undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of jackfruit leaf powder (JLP) as an adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution under the effect of various process parameters like bed depth (5–10 cm), flow rate (30–50 mL/min) and initial MB concentrations (100–300 mg/L). The pH at point of zero charge (pH_PZC) of the adsorbent was determined by the titration method and a value of 3.9 was obtained. A FTIR of the adsorbent was done before and after the adsorption to find the potential adsorption sites for interaction with methylene blue molecules. The results showed that the total adsorbed quantities and equilibrium uptake decreased with increasing flow rate and increased with increasing initial MB concentration. The longest breakthrough time and maximum MB adsorption were obtained at pH 10. The results showed that the column performed well at low flow rate. Also, breakthrough time and exhaustion time increased with increasing bed depth. The bed-depth service time (BDST) model and the Thomas model were applied to the adsorption of MB at different bed depths, flow rates, influent concentrations and pH to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristic parameters of the column that are useful for process design. The two model predictions were in very good agreement with the experimental results at all the process parameters studied indicating that they were very suitable for JLP column design.     

Coupled mother-child model for bioaccumulation of POPs in nursing infants

Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) leads to high levels in human milk and high doses of POPs for nursing infants. This is currently not considered in chemical risk assessment. A coupled model for bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in breast-feeding mother and nursing infant was developed and tested for a series of organic compounds. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in mother, breast milk and child were predicted to vary with log K_OW and, for volatile compounds, with K_AW and concentration in air. The concentrations of POPs in the infant body increase the first half year to about factor 3 above mother and decline thereafter to lower levels. The predicted results are close to empirical data and to an empirical regression. The new mother–child model is compact due to its easy structure and the analytical matrix solution. It could be added to existing exposure and risk assessment systems, such as EUSES.     

Levels and regional trends of persistent organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Asian breast milk demonstrate POPs signatures unique to individual countries

Human breast milk samples collected in 2007–2008 from four countries, Vietnam (Hanoi), China (Beijing), Korea (Seoul) and Japan (Sendai, Kyoto and Takayama), were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Comparing with previous surveys, the present study indicates that the DDTs in breast milk from China and Vietnam had gradually decreased during the last decade, but were still 5–10 times higher than those in other nations. The ratios of p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT were higher in Beijing than in the other countries, suggesting that there is less fresh intake of commercial DDT products and a possible exposure to dicofol in China. CHL and PCB levels were relatively higher in mothers from Japan, whereas β-HCH and HCB were more common in Chinese women. In Japan, it is suspected that mothers in the urban/coastal area (Sendai) were more continuously exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) than mothers in the rural/inland area (Takayama). In addition, OCP levels in primiparae were significantly higher than those in multiparae from Japan and Korea. These indicate that both parity and regional factors are major determinants of the levels of OCPs and PCBs in human milk. On the other hand, higher concentrations of PBDEs were observed in mothers' milk from Korea. The congener was dominated by BDE-47 (43–54%), followed by BDE-153 (23–33%) in all regions except for Beijing where BDE-28 (23%) was relatively abundant. In Japanese breast milk, regional and parity-dependent distributions were not observed for PBDEs. Among PBDE congeners, age-dependency was observed for BDE-153, which was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to the age of mothers in Kyoto (17 participants were housewives), while it increased with age in Sendai (10 participants were clerks). No such correlation was seen for BDE-47, indicating that BDE-47 was ingested and assimilated via different kinetics or routes from BDE-153 in Japan.     

Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from mothers living in Payatas and Malate, the Philippines: Levels, accumulation kinetics and infant health risk

Human breast milk samples (n = 33) from primipara and multipara mothers from Payatas a waste dump site, and Malate a reference site in the Phillipines were collected in 2004 and analyzed for eight organohalogen compounds, viz., PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, HCHs, HCB, TCPMe, PBDEs and HBCDs. DDTs and PCBs were predominant in all the samples. Overall mean concentrations of PBDEs found in our study were higher (7.5 ng/g lipid wt.) than those reported for Japan and many other Asian countries. Primipara mothers had significantly higher levels of DDTs, CHLs and HCHs than multipara mothers, but not PBDEs and HBCDs. A few individuals accumulated CHLs close to or even higher than the tolerable daily intake guidelines proposed by Health Canada.     

UF膜与混凝粉末活性炭联用处理冬季黄河水

针对低温低浊水处理的难题,采用混凝和粉末活性炭预处理超滤系统对冬季黄河水进行了净化研究,通过投加混凝剂Al(2SO)4·318H2O以及粉末活性炭,比较了其对于原水的处理效果和对膜过滤性能的影响。试验结果表明,混凝超滤系统用于处理冬季黄河水在技术上是可行的,混凝剂与粉末活性炭对水中污染物质的去除和膜过滤性能有很大的影响;调整合适的操作参数,其对低温黄河水中的高锰酸盐指数、UV254、NH3-N、铁和浊度的平均去除率分别达到70%、60%、30%、80%和96%以上,出水水质达到《生活饮用水源水质标准》(CJ3020-93)的标准。对于已污染的膜,水反冲洗、水/酸洗、水/碱洗可使膜通量恢复至新膜的38%,82%,89%。     

Levels of synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from three cities in the Yangtze River Delta in Eastern China

Synthetic musks are used as additives in many household products. After absorption into the human body, they accumulate and their concentrations in human milk reflect both the mother and her infant’s exposure level. Concentrations of four synthetic musks, musk xylene (1-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, MX), musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone, MK), 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[ ]-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), were determined in human milk samples collected from Shanghai, Wuxi, and Shaoxing in Eastern China. The four synthetic musks were found in most samples analyzed, with HHCB the dominant component followed by MX. The median (mean) values for HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK concentrations were 63 (82), 5 (12), 17 (24) and 4 (9) ng/g lipid weight, respectively. These data suggested the total synthetic musk contamination was low, and the distribution percentage was HHCB > MX > AHTN MK. The relative high ratio of nitro to polycylic musk indicated that nitro musks were still widely used. The musk concentrations in these cities were not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05). Principal components score plots were obtained, which showed similar exposure sources. The amount of total synthetic musks in human milk were not associated with mother’s age, although HHCB was significantly correlated with AHTN (p < 0.05). Daily ingestion of HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK for infants from human milk were estimated as (2526 2926), (370 524), (7391 832), and (277 462) ng/day, respectively. Those doses were 1–2 orders of magnitude below the provisional tolerable daily intakes.