采空区瓦斯涌出源位置对瓦斯浓度及自燃带分布的影响

利用Fluent软件,对采空区瓦斯为采空区整个区域涌出和上、下临近层及底板遗煤处同时涌出两种情况下的流场进行了数值模拟,并分析了采空区瓦斯体积分数及自燃带分布规律。结果表明:当采空区整个区域瓦斯涌出时,采空区瓦斯体积分数由底板到顶板垂直方向上呈逐渐升高的趋势;当上、下临近层及底板遗煤处瓦斯同时涌出时,采空区瓦斯体积分数在靠近底板和顶板位置处较高,中间区域处较低。与采空区整个区域瓦斯涌出相比,当上、下临近层及底板遗煤处瓦斯同时涌出时,在采空区底板处,自燃带更靠近工作面;在采空区底板和顶板中间位置处,自燃带远离工作面;在采空区顶板处,自燃带位置几乎没有变化。     

公众对煤矿区地质灾害的感知与适应行为研究

煤矿区的地质灾害较为常见,而且随着开采时间的推移地质灾害问题日益严重。公众对煤矿区地质灾害的感知与适应行为直接与他们的生命财产相关,同时还关系到政策法规的制定。通过对煤矿区公众的问卷调查发现,公众对地质灾害的严重程度和灾害原因感知是比较准确的,但仍有相当比例的公众选择采取无效的紧急适应行为,有近三分之一的公众没有考虑采用迁移的适应行为。公众对煤矿区地质灾害适应行为的背后涉及利益相关方的博弈。     

Molecular characterization of microbial communities in bioaerosols of a coal mine by 454 pyrosequencing and real-time PCR

Microbial diversity and abundance in bioaerosols of a coal mine were analyzed based on 454 pyrosequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR). A total of 37,191 high quality sequences were obtained and could be classified into 531, 1730 and 448 operational taxonomic units respectively for archaea, bacteria and fungi at 97% sequence similarity. The Shannon diversity index for archaea, bacteria and fungi was respectively 4.71, 6.29 and 3.86, indicating a high diversity in coal mine bioaerosols. Crenarchaeota, Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were the dominant phyla for archaea, bacteria and fungi, respectively. The concentrations of total archaea, bacteria and fungi were 1.44 × 108, 1.02 × 108 and 9.60 × 104cells/m3, respectively.Methanotrophs observed in bioaerosols suggested possible methane oxidation in the coal mine. The identified potential pathogens to coal miners, such as Acinetobacter schindleri,Aeromonas cavernicola, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus penicillioides, Cladosporium cladosporioides,and Penicillium brevicompactum were also observed. This was the first investigation of microbial diversity and abundance in coal mine bioaerosols. The investigation of microbial communities would be favorable in promoting the progress of methane control based on microbial technique and concern on coal miners’ health.     

汞矿区土壤汞的影响因素及修复技术进展

以贵州万山汞矿区为例,对汞矿开采冶炼活动所产生的土壤环境污染状况进行了介绍,并综述了影响土壤中汞迁移转化的基本因素,最后论述了最近几年汞污染土壤修复技术的研究成果,以及修复技术实施的建议。     

巴里富碳酸盐硫化物尾矿中重金属的赋存状态

本文以广西大厂锡石-硫化物矿区巴里尾矿库的富碳酸盐尾矿(堆放了20余年)作为研究对象,采用BCR三步提取法研究Zn、Cd、Pb和As的化学形态分量以及其总含量在该尾矿铅垂剖面中的分布,并结合尾矿的结构构造、次生和原生矿物成分及其变化等分析,探讨在氧化/酸化条件下富碳酸盐尾矿中重金属的释放机制。研究结果表明:(1)尾矿下层原尾矿中重金属主要以稳定或较稳定的残渣态(As、Pb、Zn、Cd)、氧化物结合态(Pb)及硫化物结合态(Zn、Cd)形式赋存。在酸水淋滤作用下,原尾矿中重金属的释放顺序为Cd≈ZnPbAs;(2)尾矿上部厚层状氧化硬层(厚度1~1.5m)中,Zn、Cd以酸可溶态大量富集,具有较强的迁移性;As、Pb主要以残渣态以及氧化物结合态赋存,其迁移性较差。因此,富含碳酸盐的硫化物尾矿经过氧化作用具有释放多种重金属的潜能。由于这类尾矿中各重金属的赋存状态存在差异性,因此对其迁移性及环境效应须具体分析。     

龙泉煤矿矿井水用作生态补水探讨

随着煤炭经济的不断发展,矿井水利用问题日趋紧迫。本文分析了龙泉煤矿矿井水综合利用现状,根据矿井水水质情况讨论了将其用于生态补水的技术途径、应急措施等问题,并提出了龙泉煤矿矿井水用作生态补水的具体方案,为龙泉煤矿矿井水利用途径提供了有益的参考,并为煤矿矿井水综合利用研究提供了思路。     

植被重建下煤矿排土场土壤熟化过程中碳储量变化

植被重建是治理因露天煤矿的开采而形成的大面积排土场行之有效的措施,了解植被重建模式对排土场土壤有机碳(SOC)储量的影响是筛选植被治理措施的重要因子.在内蒙古准格尔旗黑岱沟露天煤矿,选取15 a治理排土场中5种植被重建模式(自然恢复地、草地、灌木林、乔灌混交林、乔木林),16种植被配置类型,采集土壤剖面(0~100 cm)样品408个,研究不同重建模式下SOC储量的变化.结果表明:1治理排土场植被重建模式显著影响剖面SOC含量与分布(P<0.05),表层0~10 cm SOC呈草地>灌木>乔木>乔灌混交林>自然恢复地;全氮(TN)也呈相似的变化特征.2植被配置类型中,苜蓿地0~10 cm的SOC含量(5.71 g·kg-1)和TN含量(0.49 g·kg-1)均最高,比自然恢复地分别高166.7%和171.3%,且是沙棘、紫穗槐+油松、香花槐的两倍左右.3植被重建对SOC影响深度主要集中在0~20 cm,而对TN的影响可达40 cm.4与新建排土场相比,植被重建后,草地、灌木地和乔木地0~100 cm碳储量分别增加了15.47、6.93和6.95 t·hm-2,但仅相当于原地貌水平的2/3、1/2和1/2.植被重建表现出碳汇效应和巨大的固碳能力.从土壤固碳的角度考虑,建议植被重建模式以草地为主,植被类型优先考虑苜蓿.     

Geochemistry of leachates from the El Fraile sulfide tailings piles in Taxco, Guerrero, southern Mexico

Leachates from the El Fraile tailings impoundment (Taxco, Mexico) were monitored every 2 months from October 2001 to August 2002 to assess the geochemical characteristics. These leachates are of interest because they are sometimes used as alternative sources of domestic water. Alternatively, they drain into the Cacalotenango creek and may represent a major source of metal contamination of surface water and sediments. Most El Fraile leachates show characteristics of Ca–SO₄, (Ca+Mg)–SO₄, Mg–SO₄ and Ca–(SO₄+HCO₃) water types and are near-neutral (pH=6.3–7.7). Some acid leachates are generated by the interaction of meteoric water with tailings during rainfall events (pH=2.4–2.5). These contain variable levels of SO₄ ²⁻ (280–29,500 mg l⁻¹) and As (<0.01–12.0 mg l⁻¹) as well as Fe (0.025–2352 mg l⁻¹), Mn (0.1–732 mg l⁻¹), Zn (<0.025–1465 mg l⁻¹) and Pb (<0.01–0.351 mg l⁻¹). Most samples show the highest metal enrichment during the dry seasons. Leachates used as domestic water typically exceed the Mexican Drinking Water Guidelines for sulfate, hardness, Fe, Mn, Pb and As, while acidic leachates exceed the Mexican Guidelines for Industrial Discharge Waters for pH, Cu, Cd and As. Speciation shows that in near-neutral solutions, metals exist mainly as free ions, sulfates and bicarbonates, while in acidic leachates they are present as sulfates and free ions. Arsenic appears as As^(V) in all samples. Thermodynamic and mineralogical evidence indicates that precipitation of Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides, clay minerals and jarosite as well as sorption by these minerals are the main processes controlling leachate chemistry. These processes occur mainly after neutralization by interaction with bedrock and equilibration with atmospheric oxygen.     

不同湿地植物凋落物对汞铊矿废弃物浸出酸性废水中重金属的吸附研究

研究了不同湿地植物(稻草(Oryza sativa L.)、风车草(Cyperus involucratus Rottb.)、芦竹(Arundo donax L.)、美人蕉(Canna indica L.)、水葱(Scirpus validus Vahl.)、香蒲(Typha orientalis C.Presl)和鸢...