云南会泽废弃铅锌矿区植物丛枝菌根和深色有隔内生真菌研究

用碱解离、酸性品红染色法对云南省会泽县者海镇废弃铅锌矿区的17科21种植物的丛枝菌根状况进行了调查,结果发现,15种植物形成典型的丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的71%;2种植物不确定是否形成丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的10%;4种植物没有形成丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的19%.用湿筛沉淀法从这些植物根际土壤中共分离鉴定出了4属20种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),即无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)4种,球囊霉属(Glomus)14种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspo-ra)1种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种;其中,球囊霉属分离频率为77%,是样地的优势属.在AMF中,疣突球囊霉(G.verruculosum)分离频率最高,在20种植物的根际土中都有发现;此外,聚生球囊霉(G.fasciculatum)的相对多度最大,为56%,具有最强的产孢能力.同时,在13种植物的根中发现了深色有隔内生真菌(DSE),占调查植物的62%,其中,10种植物同时被DSE和AMF感染.本调查研究表明,AMF和DSE能普遍存在于Pb、Zn重金属污染土壤中.     

改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂与菜园土混合土壤性质及黑麦草生长的影响

用蒙脱石、稻草、鸡粪作为改良剂 ,研究不同改良剂对铜矿尾矿砂与菜园土混合土壤pH、有效态重金属含量、脲酶和磷酸酶活性以及混合土壤上种植的黑麦草生长的影响。结果表明 :添加蒙脱石对不同生长期黑麦草的生长量没有显著影响 ;使用稻草和鸡粪处理尽管在开始阶段不利于黑麦草 (第 1茬和第 2茬 )的生长 ,但随时间延长 ,黑麦草的生物量 (第 3茬和第 4茬 )明显增加 ,表现出很好的后效。黑麦草的根重与鸡粪的添加量关系显著 ,施用稻草的纯尾矿砂处理组 (处理 2 2 )根重最大 ,而且蚯蚓只能在使用适量稻草的处理条件下才能在混合土壤中生长。土壤酶的分析发现 ,磷酸酶的活性除了在蚯蚓能够生长的处理组表现出较高外 ,其它处理之间无明显差异 ,但脲酶的活性则随着稻草和鸡粪施用量的增加而显著提高。各处理之间土壤的 pH值变化不大。添加稻草减少了土壤中有效态重金属的含量 ,而使用鸡粪处理明显增加了土壤中包括铜、铅和锌等有效态重金属的含量 ,说明在施用含有重金属的畜禽粪便时务必小心谨慎 ,以防二次污染。     

露天开采生态环境影响识别与修复技术的探讨——以崇阳露天石煤钒矿矿山开发环评为例

矿山开采活动在获得最大的经济利益的同时,势必给原有的生态环境带来严重破坏和影响.结合矾矿露天采矿特点,讨论矿山开采各个环节对生态因子的影响及强度,筛选主要影响因子,分析露天矿山开采可能引起的地形地貌、土地占用、土壤侵蚀、破坏野生动植物生境、地表水水质、景观格局等方面对环境的影响,并提出相应的优化施工方案、闭坑露天矿山土地、植被复垦等生态环境保护对策,对科学开发崇阳钒矿具有一定参考意义.     

Acid mine-drainage toxicity testing

The BOD inhibition test, the activated sludge respiration inhibition test, and the Microtox® Bioassay procedure were examined for their potential as rapid toxicity screening methods for acid mine drainage (AMD) and for setting toxicity threshold levels in receiving waters. The BOD inhibition test proved to be unsuitable due to the high chemical oxygen demand of the toxicant. The long incubation time (minimum 5 d at 20°C) allowed growth of chemo-autotrophic bacteria and resulted in excessive flocculation and precipitation of metals, making accurate and meaningful measurements of inhibition impossible. The activated sludge respiration inhibition test was successful in measuring AMD toxicity, and for deriving toxicity threshold levels for the basic heterotrophic community in surface waters. However, it is a very time-consuming technique and is not sensitive enough to be used as a routine screening technique. The variability in toxicity was found to be due to the availability of metals as well as the effect of pH on metabolism. Simple linear models were derived to estimate inhibition within surface waters. Prediction of the inhibition caused by AMD can be made as long as the pH of the river water after mixing and the dilution of the AMD are known. Most accurate predictions are made using equations for specific pH ranges, but a useful estimation of inhibition can be obtained using the general equation: inhibition (%) = -2.34 pH + 6.41 AMD (%) + 22.1. The Microtox® Bioassay method, although expensive, was rapid and simple to use. It was the most sensitive test of the three, with the toxic response of marine bacteria increasing notably from 5 to 15 min due to the presence of bivalent metals in the toxicant. The problem of repeatability and reproducibility encountered with the activated sludge inhibition test was overcome with the highly standardised Microtox® method, making it an ideal screening method for AMD. However, the advantage of the activated sludge inhibition test is that the types of heterotrophic micro-organisms found in activated sludge are similar to those found in receiving waters such as the Avoca River and so more meaningful toxicity threshold values can be obtained.     

吉林省矿山生态环境防治对策研究

分析了矿山生态环境防治面临的问题,阐述了矿山生态环境防治的基本原则、防治措施及对策.应依靠法规、管理、技术和政策措施,加强矿山环境保护,促进矿业开发的可持续发展.     

浅谈煤矿透水事故后外排酸性矿井水的治理

采用火焰原子吸收法对大同市“5．18”左云新井煤矿透水事故中所排酸性废水及其应急处理外排水中铁锰进行跟踪测定。结果表明，在废水处理过程中加入石灰石中和，脱铁脱锰，pH均值7．9，总铁浓度均值1．07mg／L，均达到污水综合排放标准。     

乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化及重金属溶出的淋溶实验研究

利用淋溶实验，研究了乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化及其对重金属溶出的影响。结果表明：高硫和中硫尾矿因含很高的有效硫（分别为２０．４％和１５．９％），在尾矿的堆放过程中会发生酸化，发生酸化的时间在第５１周左右，低硫尾矿（有效硫为７．２％）在短期内不会发生酸化。尾矿发生酸化后，将促进其中盐份的溶解，从而使得Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｕ等重金属的溶出增高。本研究可为铅锌尾矿的环境管理提供科学依据     

两类典型重金属土壤污染研究

对贵州水城矿务局周围煤矸石污染土壤和Pb、Zn冶炼场污染土壤的重金属污染状况进行了研究和评估。研究结果表明：煤矸石风化形成的土壤有一定的重金属污染，污染程度取决于煤矸石的组成。Pb、Zn土法冶炼造成土地严重污染，在污染土壤中种植的农作物中重金属含量严重超标。重金属在土豆不同部位富集程度各不相同，而且Pb-Cd、PbZn、Zn-Cd在植物体内具有较高的正相性。     

金属矿山环境污染及整治对策

金属矿床开采 ,一方面是开发利用自然资源 ,另一方面由于对土水生态环境释放重金属和酸性废水而破坏自然环境。金属矿山环境污染源于金属硫化物特别是黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿的氧化分解。金属硫化物的氧化释放出重金属离子和SO4 2 -,黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿的氧化还释放出Fe2 +、Fe3+和H+,铁 (Fe2 +、Fe3+)的存在和pH值的降低大大加速金属硫化物的分解和重金属元素的沉淀。铁氧化细菌的活动可以提高或催化氧化反应的速度 ,加速重金属的水解和沉淀。铁作为普遍存在的元素 ,其地球化学行为影响着金属硫化物氧化的程度和速度 ;铁作为主要的次生沉淀矿物 ,其承载矿物主导其它重金属元素的沉淀。本文介绍了碱性物质中和、湿地处理系统、覆盖隔离技术等一系列已成功地运用于金属矿山环境污染整治的实用方法 ,并对一些前沿整治技术作了简要介绍     

Emission rate formulae for surface iron ore mining activities

A study was carried out at three surface iron ore mines to determine the total suspended particulate emission rate and to develop the formula for the emission rate of various surface iron ore mining activities. The study covered various mining activities and locations including waste loading and unloading, iron ore loading and unloading, screening plant, exposed waste dump, stock yard, exposed pit surface, transport road and haul road. A set of 10 formulae was developed to calculate the total suspended particulate emission rate of various surface iron ore mining activities. The emission of gaseous pollutants (sulphor dioxide and oxides of nitrogen) was also evaluated but was found negligible for various mining activities, and emission rates were determined for overall mine only. The developed formulae were validated with the measured emission data at another surface iron ore mine. The accuracy of the activity-wise emission rates calculated using the developed formulae was found to vary from 92 to 97% of actual field measurement data. The developed formulae for determination of emission rate from various surface iron ore mining activities will help in predicting air quality status through air quality modelling and designing effective mitigative measures for sensitive areas during the planning stage of a proposed mine.