不同铝水平下茶对铝及矿质养分的吸收与累积

土壤铝污染不仅影响作物的生长发育和产量,也对食品安全产生了潜在威胁。利用水培方法,设置0、5、10、15、20mg·L-15种铝处理水平,研究不同铝质量浓度水平下茶苗对铝及矿质养分的吸收与累积。结果表明:茶苗根、茎中铝含量均随着铝处理的质量浓度的增加而明显增加,而叶中含量影响不大。不同铝水平下各部位铝含量大小依次为根>叶>茎。从整株植物来看,随着铝处理质量浓度的增加,铝在根部的积累量增加,在茎和叶的积累量趋于下降。铝对茶苗营养元素钙、钾、镁的吸收影响不大,对磷的吸收有所促进,在一定程度上体现出茶树植物对铝的耐性。     

湖南省某些稻田土壤固定态铵的剖面分布

利用Silva-Bremner法测定了湖南省某些稻田土壤各剖面的固定态铵量，揭示了其分布规律。固定态铵绝对含量的剖面分布规律有4种类型：第1类为土壤固定态铵随剖面深度增加而增大；第2类是土壤固定态铵随剖面深度增加而减小；第3类是土壤固定态铵随剖面深度变化不明显；第4类是土壤固定态铵在土壤剖面某一土层中明显增大或减少，特别明显的是犁底层的固定态铵量常比耕作层要高。这与成土过程、母质类型以及人为活动等因素有关。固定态铵相对含量分布常从上至下逐渐增加。     

珠江三角洲地区主要树种叶片多环芳烃含量特征及影响因素分析

应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法测定了珠江三角洲地区6种主要树种叶片多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对相应的叶脂含量、叶面积、比叶面积进行了测定,探讨了叶片PAHs含量特征和种间差异的影响因素.结果显示,松针PAHs含量显著高于阔叶,马尾松松针含量最高(1 034.7 ng·g-1),荷木含量最低(199.7 ng·g-1).在所有样品中,芴、菲、荧蒽、芘、世面(艹屈)为主要的PAHs组分,3、4环PAHs含量占∑PAHs的80%以上,各环化合物与∑PAHs在不同显著性水平上呈显著正相关关系.按脂含量计算PAHs含量能大大缩小种间含量的差异,高、低值相差约2倍(分别为6.8 ng·mg-1和2.7 ng·mg-1);按单位叶面积计算的PAHs含量进一步扩大了种间差异,最高值(15.3 ng·cm-2)约最低值(1.9 ng·cm-2)的8倍.进一步分析表明,ΣPAHs、3环PAHs、4环PAHs与脂含量呈良好线性正相关关系、与比叶面积表现出一定的线性负相关关系,显示两者是影响叶片PAHs含量种间差异的重要因素.     

长期施肥和耕作下紫色土坡耕地土壤C、N、P和K化学计量特征

阐明长期施肥和耕作对坡耕地土壤C、N、P和K含量及其化学计量比的影响,将有助于深刻理解土壤C和养分元素循环过程及其相互作用机制,对施肥管理及农业面源污染防治具有重要意义.在紫色土坡耕地(坡度为15°)建立15个小区(长8 m×宽4 m),设置5个处理(每个处理3次重复):顺坡无施肥处理(对照,CK)、顺坡复合施用有机肥和化肥处理(T1)、顺坡单施化肥处理(T2)、顺坡单施化肥增量处理(T3)和横坡单施化肥处理(T4),比较各处理0～10 cm及10～20 cm土层的C、N、P和K含量及其化学计量变化特征.结果表明,各处理土壤C、N和P差异显著(P <0. 05),均表现为T1> T3> T4> T2>CK,施肥处理下K含量差异不显著(P> 0. 05),但均显著高于对照处理(P <0. 05),表现为T4> T3> T2> T1> CK.各处理土壤的C∶N在10～20 cm土层中差异显著(P <0. 05),表现为T4> T3> T1> CK> T2;而C∶P则在0～10 cm土层差异显著(...     

激光散射法和便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法直读监测油烟排放

餐饮业油烟排放具有排放浓度不稳定、波动较大、排放时间短等特性,存在瞬时排放高值现象,油烟"看得见"和"闻得着"的问题依然存在,因此对油烟实现快速、及时、直读监测尤为必要。基于一种浓度可控且稳定的油烟产生技术,对直读激光散射法与经典手工称重法测定油烟颗粒物浓度值的数据线性关系进行了分析,发现2种方法数值的相关系数达0.99,通过直读修正激光散射法可以有效地测定油烟颗粒物浓度,并测定了不同水汽含量下油烟颗粒物排放情况,发现当相对湿度超过70%时,油烟颗粒物浓度测定值会发生突变。使用便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法(FID)和光离子化检测器法(PID)测定了不同油温下油烟中非甲烷总烃(NMHC)浓度,发现FID对油烟中NMHC的变化反应及时,能够较好地测定油烟中挥发性有机物的排放量。     

国家标准GB27900-2011《消防员呼救器》解读——消防员呼救器产品改进启示

本文主要介绍了国家标准GB27900-2011《消防员呼救器》新增的4个方面内容要求,详细描述了提升的部分技术性能指标,并对消防员呼救器产品的改进提出建议。     

A mixture of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) changed the lipid content of pregnant Long Evans rats

Pregnant Long Evans rats received 1.0 μg/kg of dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQ) by oral gavage on the 15th gestational day (GD 15), using a dosing mixture that contained two polychlorinated dioxins, four polychlorinated furans and three non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Rats were sacrificed on GD 16, GD 21 and postnatal day 4 (PND 4). The lipid content of fetus, pup, placenta and maternal liver, serum and adipose tissue were determined. Treated GD 16 and GD 21 fetuses had identical lipid content to the control group, yet the lipid content of treated pups on PND 4 was 32% higher than that of the control group. On the other hand, the lipid content of placenta, liver, and serum from the treated dams was 44–50%, 24%, and 38% lower than that of the control group, respectively. Thus, a low-dose mixture of dioxin-like compounds can cause changes in lipid content. The lipid content of offspring was not affected until they were exposed via lactation.     

特种膜分离在废乳化液处理上的应用

目前国内乳化液处理普遍采用化学加药破乳,再后续生化处理的工艺,该方法投加大量化学药剂,产生二次固体危废,综合处置成本高。采用荷兰B&C特种超滤膜技术对乳化液浓缩破乳回收基础油,超滤产水后续生化处理的新工艺路线具有很好的工艺先进性。通过工艺运行数据显示,含油率1%~3%的乳化液,经过特种超滤浓缩破乳后浓缩液含油率可达15%~20%,超滤产水含油率小于50mg/L,COD为15000~20000mg/L,后续经厌氧和A/O生化+Fenton氧化后出水小于500mg/L,达到处理标准。     

Evaluating the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of low-organic waste at Danish landfills

The biochemical methane potential (BMP) is an essential parameter when using first order decay (FOD) landfill gas (LFG) generation models to estimate methane (CH₄) generation from landfills. Different categories of waste (mixed, shredder and sludge waste) with a low-organic content and temporarily stored combustible waste were sampled from four Danish landfills. The waste was characterized in terms of physical characteristics (TS, VS, TC and TOC) and the BMP was analyzed in batch tests. The experiment was set up in triplicate, including blank and control tests. Waste samples were incubated at 55 °C for more than 60 days, with continuous monitoring of the cumulative CH₄ generation. Results showed that samples of mixed waste and shredder waste had similar BMP results, which was in the range of 5.4–9.1 kg CH₄/ton waste (wet weight) on average. As a calculated consequence, their degradable organic carbon content (DOCC) was in the range of 0.44–0.70% of total weight (wet waste). Numeric values of both parameters were much lower than values of traditional municipal solid waste (MSW), as well as default numeric values in current FOD models. The sludge waste and temporarily stored combustible waste showed BMP values of 51.8–69.6 and 106.6–117.3 kg CH₄/ton waste on average, respectively, and DOCC values of 3.84–5.12% and 7.96–8.74% of total weight. The same category of waste from different Danish landfills did not show significant variation. This research studied the BMP of Danish low-organic waste for the first time, which is important and valuable for using current FOD LFG generation models to estimate realistic CH₄ emissions from modern landfills receiving low-organic waste.     

Mg2+、Ca2+对厌氧消化系统中CO2的捕获和营养盐的回收

为探究矿物碳酸化与污泥厌氧消化耦合过程中实现CO₂捕获和N/P营养盐协同回收的可行性,在污泥水解液为底物的厌氧消化系统中,研究不同比例Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子添加对厌氧消化系统中CO₂捕获和营养盐的协同回收效果的影响.结果表明,添加Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子为（20mmol/L）/（0mmol/L）、（10mmol/L）/（10mmol/L）和（0mmol/L）/（20mmol/L）均可促进有机质降解,使沼气产量分别提升16.97%、21.56%和23.99%,并使CO₂含量由27.27%分别下降至24.81%,22.06%和21.98%.不同比例Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子添加可使磷酸根浓度下降63.46%~66.47%,但仅Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子以（20mmol/L）/（0mmol/L）和（10mmol/L）/（10mmol/L）添加的实验组中氨氮浓度得到下降.XRD分析揭示,Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺离子以（20mmol/L）/（0mmol/L）、（10mmol/L）/（10mmol/L）和（0mmol/L）/（20mmol/L）添加时分别使厌氧消化系统中形成鸟粪石和碳酸镁、鸟粪石和方解石、方解石和三斜磷钙石.Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺离子等摩尔量联合添加可实现最优的CO₂捕获和营养盐协同回收效果.