希瓦氏菌还原作用下黄钾铁矾的相转变特征及其负载铬的迁移转化规律

黄钾铁矾对酸性矿山废水中铬（Cr）等污染物有较好的固定去除作用.微生物活动对黄钾铁矾的稳定性和Cr的迁移转化特性有重要影响.因此,本研究在厌氧条件下,通过批次实验研究了希瓦氏菌MR-1还原溶解负载Cr黄钾铁矾过程中二次矿物的形成和Cr污染物的迁移转化特性.结果表明,希瓦氏菌能够促进黄钾铁矾的还原溶解.Cr负载能够增强黄钾铁矾的稳定性,抑制矿物的溶解转化.在不含Cr实验组,黄钾铁矾相转变产物为蓝铁矿和针铁矿;而在负载Cr实验组,二次矿物仅为蓝铁矿.在希瓦氏菌还原溶解负载Cr黄钾铁矾的过程中,矿物中有少量的Cr溶出,进入水体,随后又被吸附于新形成的二次矿物中.矿物中的Cr由原来的残渣态转化为不定型铁结合态,固相中Cr释放的风险增大.XPS检测结果表明,矿物表面的Cr（Ⅵ）被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）,Cr的毒性降低.研究结果对进一步理解酸性矿山废水中Fe、S和Cr的地球化学循环过程有重要意义.     

美国矿床(山)环境地球化学研究动态及我国对策

矿床的开采所引发的环境问题越来越引起人们的重视,矿床环境地球化学研究成为一个重要研究领域。自20世纪90年代以来,美国在此领域取得了一些重要研究成果,文章对美国在矿床环境地球化学作用、矿床的地球化学背景和基准值、矿山(床)酸性排水和特殊矿床的环境效应等方面的最新研究成果进行总结,旨在为我国开展这方面的工作提供参考资料。作者建议我国应适时启动矿床(山)环境地球化学研究,特别是研究全国地球化学扫面资料在矿床环境方面的应用、流域性矿集区环境地球化学作用及其与生态关系、矿山环境治理(矿山复垦或矿山酸性排水降解)中地球化学作用机理等。     

江西省矿产资源开发与环境保护

江西省矿产资源丰富,其开发利用有了很大发展,建成了具有一定生产规模和技术水平的有色金属、黑色金属、化工、建材、盐业、稀土稀有金属、煤炭等矿业体系.当前,由于多种因素的影响,导致矿山开采环境不断恶化,矿山地质灾害问题日趋严重,造成人员伤亡、环境破坏、矿产资源严重浪费.因此,我们应遵循"矿产资源开发利用与生态环境保护并重,预防为主与防治结合"的方针和"谁开发谁保护、谁污染谁治理、谁破坏谁恢复"的原则,强化矿山生态环境保护和恢复治理,走一条资源开发与环境保护相协调的矿业发展道路.     

Heterogeneous Sulfate Formation on Dust Surface and Its Dependence on Mineralogy: Balloon-Borne Observations from Balloon-Borne Measurements in The Surface Atmosphere of Beijing, China

This study focuses on providing a direct insight into the process by which sulfate is formed on mineral dust surface in the actual atmosphere. Six sets of aerosol measurements were conducted in the outskirts of Beijing, China, in 2002–2003 using a tethered balloon. The mineralogy of individual dust particles, as well as its influence on the S (sulfur) loadings was investigated by SEM-EDX analysis of the directly collected particles. The mixed layer in the urban atmosphere was found to be quite low (500–600m), often appearing as a particle dense stagnant layer above the surface. It is suggested that mineral dust is a common and important fraction of the coarse particles in Beijing (35–68%), and that it is relatively enriched with Calcite (>28%). An exceptional amount of S was detected in the mineral particles, which can be explained neither by their original composition, nor by coagulation processes between the submicron sulfates and the dust. Heterogeneous uptake of gaseous SO₂, and its subsequent oxidation on dust was suggested as the main pathway that has actually taken place in the ambient environment. The mineral class found with the largest number of particles containing S was Calcite, followed by Dolomite, Clay, Amphibole etc., Feldspar, and Quartz. Among them, Calcite and Dolomite showed distinctly higher efficiency in collecting sulfate than the other types. A positive correlation was found with the number of S containing particles and the relative humidity. Calcite in particular, since almost all of its particles was found to contain S above 60% r.h. On the other hand, the active uptake of SO₂ by the carbonates was not suggested in the free troposphere downwind, and all the mineral classes exhibited similar S content. Relative humidity in the free troposphere was suggested as the key factor controlling the SO₂ uptake among the mineral types. In terms of sulfate loadings, the relationship was not linear, but rather increased exponentially as a function of relative humidity. The humidity-dependent uptake capacity of mineral types altogether showed an intermediate value of 0.07 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 30% r.h. and 0.40 gSO₄ ²⁻ g⁻¹ mineral at 80%, which is fairly consistent with laboratory experiments.     

矿产资源综合评价模型的建立及其应用

矿产资源是一个地区或国家财富的重要来源,具有不可再生性;因此,在开发矿产资源时必须对其进行评估,按照评估排出的开发顺序进行开发。本文以经济地理学有关理论及“最大概率乘积定理”为基础,建立了矿产资源综合评价数学模型,并以山西忻州地区为例,分不同层次对矿产资源进行了综合评价。     

阳新县矿产资源现状优势评价及资源承载力分析

矿产是国民经济建设的重要物质基础,是支持和保证工业生产部门发展的物质条件。合理开发利用矿产资源是实现经济可持续发展的重要内容。阳新县是湖北省的矿业大县,矿产资源十分丰富,但随着开发程度的不断加强,资源危机日趋严重。为了充分了解新阳新县的矿产资源形势,制定科学合理的开发利用规划,我们采用层次分析法,对阳新县矿产资源的现状进行了定量评价,从３０余种矿产中筛分出８种优势矿产,其优势排序为铜,钨铅,锌,膨     

X-ray Microanalysis of Needles from Douglas Fir Growing in Environments of Contrasting Acidity

Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] shoots from mature trees were collected from two sites of contrasting soil pH: the Glendon campus of York University in Toronto, Canada (pH 6.7 at 40 cm) designated Can.; and Breuil Forest, Morvan, France (pH 4 to 4.5) designated Fr.. Needles were removed from the shoots, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and kept in a cryo-biological storage system prior to X-ray microanalysis on the cold stage (−170°C) of a cryo-SEM. Four elements detected, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine, were ubiquitous in the needle tissues from both sites. Manganese was infrequently found in needle tissues from the Fr. site. Calcium was localized most heavily in the outer tangential wall of the hypodermis and also in the epidermal walls. Silicon (Si) concentrations were higher in the Fr. site than in the Can. site. The epidermis, hypodermis and mesophyll of needles from the Fr. site exhibited the highest Si content, with greater amounts in the tip and middle of the needle than in the base. Aluminium was distributed fairly evenly throughout the tissues, and there were few major sites of concentration.     

五大连池药泉山矿水锶元素水文地球化学特征

通过对五大连池药泉山矿水群水样中的Sr2 含量和87Sr/86Sr值分析,得到如下结论:①位于药泉山矿水区内南北泉和桦林沸泉的锶浓度较高。由于药泉山矿水区独特的地下水循环体系使其在断裂处涌出地面形成矿泉水,锶的浓度和矿化度很高,两者成正相关,所以药泉山矿水锶的来源和矿化度的来源一致。②药泉山87Sr/86Sr值在0.706—0.7080之间,接近于华力西期花岗闪长岩,证明矿水中的锶主要来源该岩层。其它各泉的锶同位素组成基本一致,显示出锶的同源性,因此可以判断药泉山矿水中的锶来源于华力西期花岗闪长岩层。     

关于建立环保型矿产资源产业链的设想

将供应链理论应用于矿产资源产业，围绕某种矿产资源的勘查、开发、利用、回收再利用，从政府宏观管理角度出发，设想建立起完整的环保型矿产资源（矿产品）产业链，政府部门制定、实施相关措施和政策对矿产资源（矿产品）产业链进行管理，并与区域发展战略规划相结合，实现建立环保型矿产资源（矿产品）产业链的目的：对矿产资源综合开发利用，提高矿产利用率；预防和减少开发利用对生态环境的污染，缓解我国经济发展中矿产资源不足和生态环境压力，实现国民经济的可持续发展。