Sources and Sinks of Phosphorus for a Perturbed Stream and the Effects of Mineral Deposits1

Effler, Steven W., Anthony R. Prestigiacomo, David A. Matthews, and Feng Peng, 2012. Sources and Sinks of Phosphorus for a Perturbed Stream and the Effects of Mineral Deposits. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 321‐335. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00617.x Abstract: Patterns of concentrations and loading rates of multiple forms of phosphorus (P) are resolved and analyzed along Ninemile Creek, New York, a stream perturbed by a domestic waste discharge and residual effects of a closed industry. This analysis is based on biweekly monitoring of total, dissolved, and soluble reactive P (SRP) for 19 months at four sites that bracket each of these effects, and 15 years of biweekly measurements at the two sites that bound industrial deposits. The minerogenic particle populations of the stream and the surficial sediments along the reach with extensive CaCO₃ and clay mineral deposits are characterized with an individual particle analysis technique. Mass balance analyses depict: (1) increasing nonpoint inputs of particulate and dissolved organic P along the stream length; (2) input of P from a domestic waste facility, almost entirely in the form of SRP; and (3) a compensating downstream loss of SRP over the reach with the extensive industrial deposits of CaCO₃. The downstream sink process for SRP is attributed to sorption processes with minerogenic deposits. The domestic waste‐based source and the compensating industrial waste‐based sink are noteworthy fluxes relative to other prevailing loads received by downstream Onondaga Lake, for which a major rehabilitation program targeting cultural eutrophication is underway. The P source/sink conditions of this stream are considered in the context of this rehabilitation program.     

Examination of Resource Curse Hypothesis: Mineral Resources Exploitation and Economic Growth in Xinjiang Autonomous Region

The mineral resources exploitation stage and the economic growth rate are various in different regions of Xinjiang Autonomous region. Using the method of location quotient, this paper identifies and classifies the intensive regions of three types of mineral resources, known as coal, oil and natural gas, respectively. The intensive regions of economic growth were also identified, according to the rate of per capita GDP growth at prefecture, autonomous prefecture and city. The relationships between different mineral resources and economic growth are different, for example, the relationship between economic growth and coal resource is positive, while the relationship between economic growth and oil resource, or natural gas resource is negative. This study empirically examines the effects of natural resources on economic growth of Xinjiang. The results show that whilst natural resources have a positive impact on growth, and can make a negative impact on growth through the transmission channels, such as investment, manufacture, human capital, and scientific and technologic innovation. Moreover, it studies the transmission channels, that is, the effect of natural resources on the other explanatory variables, and calculates the indirect effect of natural resources on growth for each transmission channel, and comprehensive effects of natural resources on growth. The calculated result of comprehensive effects indicates that the positive direct effects of natural resources on growth are shown to outweigh the negative indirect effect of Xinjiang autonomous region.     

几种纯培养外生菌根真菌对矿物油的降解效果

用紫外分光光度法对4种外生菌根真菌降解矿物油的能力进行了研究.结果表明,这4种外生菌根真菌都具有降解矿物油的能力.但在不同的培养基中其生物量和降解矿物油的能力显著不同,以有机氮作为氮源及提供少量葡萄糖作为启动碳源将大大提高其生物量及矿物油降解率.结果为应用菌根技术修复矿物油污染土壤及优化降解条件提供了依据.     

沉积物不同有机矿质复合体对磷的吸附特征影响

采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河沉积物不同有机矿质复合体对磷的吸附特征影响.结果表明,去除腐殖质后的沉积物对磷的吸附能力大大降低,其饱和吸附量(Гm)和吸附分配系数(k)分别只能达到原样的35.62%和9.93%,有机矿质复合体是影响磷在沉积物上吸附特征的主要因素;沉积物中的钙键有机矿质复合体对磷具有孔隙填充方式的吸附,其碳标化饱和吸附量为1157.05mg/kg,相当于原样的1.27倍;沉积物中的铁铝键有机矿质复合体在对磷吸附中发挥重要作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量可达1736.82mg/kg,相当于原样的1.88倍.其吸附机制除孔隙填充方式外,还存在配位吸附;考查沉积物对磷的吸附能力不但要考虑腐殖质的含量,更要考虑腐殖质的复合形态,它也是影响沉积物对磷吸附特征的重要因素.以原样为基准,钙键有机矿质复合体、铁铝键有机矿质复合体携载的吸附态磷可分别按1.27和1.88倍进行估算.     

北京市西北城区取暖期环境大气中PM10的物理化学特征

根据监测资料探讨了北京市西北城区取暖期PM₁₀的逐日变化规律和日变化规律.分别使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究PM₁₀中的矿物成分及其微观形貌特征.结果表明夜间PM₁₀浓度普遍高于白天.XRD分析显示颗粒物粒度越细,其中所含的矿物种类越少.SEM研究得出,单个PM₁₀颗粒类型可初步分为有链状集合体、簇状集合体、圆球状、片状和不规则形状等5类.从数量上看,PM₁₀主要来自燃煤和汽车尾气.     

运用单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术初步研究广州大气矿尘污染

自主研发的单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,SPAMS)采用空气动力学透镜、双激光测径系统以及双极飞行时间质量分析器,并用其对广州市大气细颗粒物进行在线分析,实现了矿尘颗粒物的空气动力学直径和化学组成的同时检测. 在连续4 d的采样中,共采集到249 057个粒径在0.2～1.2 μm且同时含有正负质谱信息的颗粒物,其中矿尘颗粒物占7.9%. 结果表明:矿尘颗粒物的正离子成分以Ca2+,K+>/sup>,Fe2+和Na+>/sup>为主,同时还含有Li+>/sup>,Mg2+,V>/sup>5+,Ba2+和Ti4+等;负离子成分以NO₃->/sup> 和NO₂->/sup>为主,另外还含有HSO₄->/sup>,SiO₃->/sup>和PO₃->/sup>等. 在广州市大气细颗粒物中,矿尘贡献不如含碳颗粒物和生物质燃烧颗粒物,且在矿尘颗粒物中贡献较大的几类(如含钙、含铁、含钠钾颗粒物等)大多是老化的成分.      

我国可持续发展的矿产资源基础

我国是世界上矿产生产和消费大国。由于工业化起步晚、人口基数大，我国矿产资源相对不足。欲在此资源基础上实施国家可持续发展战略，除了继续增加资金和技术投入以扩大资源总量及完善法制和管理以加强节约外，加大矿产资源供应系统的开放性，增加关键短缺矿种，特别是油气资源的进口十分重要。世界工业化发展历史和我国多年经济发展的实践证明，高速的经济发展有赖于更为开放的矿产资源供应，而生活水平的提高和日益恶化的生态环境则迫使能源消费结构不断革新。从这一点出发，未来矿产资源供应建立在国内和国际市场“两个轮子”之上必将成为我国矿产可持续发展战略的重要组成部分。     

矿物尘粒与人体正常细菌相互作用的机制

研究了4种天然及4种人工硅酸盐尘粒与人体的正常细菌大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌相互作用的机制.测定了矿物粉尘与大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌作用后的细菌数量、葡萄糖(GLU)消耗量及14种主要阳离子的浓度变化.结果表明,各种粉尘的主要化学组成各不相同,含钙的水泥尘粒以及含镁高的水镁石均能引起大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌的细菌数量、葡萄糖消耗量增加;各矿物粉尘均不能引起培养基Ti⁴⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、K+、Na+、Ba²⁺、P⁵⁺浓度的变化,而能引起Mn²⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Si⁴⁺、Fe³⁺、Al³⁺、Ni³⁺浓度不同的变化;含Ca²⁺或Mg²⁺高的碱性矿物尘粒能促进细菌的生长代谢.     

A case study of Asian dust storm particles: Chemical composition, reactivity to SO2 and hygroscopic properties

Mineral dust comprises a great fraction of the global aerosol loading, but remains the largest uncertainty in predictions of the future climate due to its complexity in composition and physico-chemical properties. In this work, a case study characterizing Asian dust storm particles was conducted by multiple analysis methods, including SEM-EDS, XPS, FT-IR, BET, TPD/mass and Knudsen cell/mass. The morphology, elemental fraction, source distribution, true uptake coefficient for SO₂, and hygroscopic behavior were studied. The major components of Asian dust storm particles are aluminosilicate, SiO₂ and CaCO₃, with organic compounds and inorganic nitrate coated on the surface. It has a low reactivity towards SO₂ with a true uptake coefficient, 5.767×10^-6, which limits the conversion of SO₂ to sulfate during dust storm periods. The low reactivity also means that the heterogeneous reactions of SO₂ in both dry and humid air conditions have little effect on the hygroscopic behavior of the dust particles.     

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone (AL), rock phosphate (RP), palygorskite (PG), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils (calcareous soil and acidic soil) polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials) for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd > Cu > Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with di erent mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG > AL > RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.