我国可持续发展的矿产资源基础

我国是世界上矿产生产和消费大国。由于工业化起步晚、人口基数大，我国矿产资源相对不足。欲在此资源基础上实施国家可持续发展战略，除了继续增加资金和技术投入以扩大资源总量及完善法制和管理以加强节约外，加大矿产资源供应系统的开放性，增加关键短缺矿种，特别是油气资源的进口十分重要。世界工业化发展历史和我国多年经济发展的实践证明，高速的经济发展有赖于更为开放的矿产资源供应，而生活水平的提高和日益恶化的生态环境则迫使能源消费结构不断革新。从这一点出发，未来矿产资源供应建立在国内和国际市场“两个轮子”之上必将成为我国矿产可持续发展战略的重要组成部分。     

矿物尘粒与人体正常细菌相互作用的机制

研究了4种天然及4种人工硅酸盐尘粒与人体的正常细菌大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌相互作用的机制.测定了矿物粉尘与大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌作用后的细菌数量、葡萄糖(GLU)消耗量及14种主要阳离子的浓度变化.结果表明,各种粉尘的主要化学组成各不相同,含钙的水泥尘粒以及含镁高的水镁石均能引起大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌的细菌数量、葡萄糖消耗量增加;各矿物粉尘均不能引起培养基Ti⁴⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、K+、Na+、Ba²⁺、P⁵⁺浓度的变化,而能引起Mn²⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Si⁴⁺、Fe³⁺、Al³⁺、Ni³⁺浓度不同的变化;含Ca²⁺或Mg²⁺高的碱性矿物尘粒能促进细菌的生长代谢.     

A case study of Asian dust storm particles: Chemical composition, reactivity to SO2 and hygroscopic properties

Mineral dust comprises a great fraction of the global aerosol loading, but remains the largest uncertainty in predictions of the future climate due to its complexity in composition and physico-chemical properties. In this work, a case study characterizing Asian dust storm particles was conducted by multiple analysis methods, including SEM-EDS, XPS, FT-IR, BET, TPD/mass and Knudsen cell/mass. The morphology, elemental fraction, source distribution, true uptake coefficient for SO₂, and hygroscopic behavior were studied. The major components of Asian dust storm particles are aluminosilicate, SiO₂ and CaCO₃, with organic compounds and inorganic nitrate coated on the surface. It has a low reactivity towards SO₂ with a true uptake coefficient, 5.767×10^-6, which limits the conversion of SO₂ to sulfate during dust storm periods. The low reactivity also means that the heterogeneous reactions of SO₂ in both dry and humid air conditions have little effect on the hygroscopic behavior of the dust particles.     

运用单颗粒气溶胶质谱技术初步研究广州大气矿尘污染

自主研发的单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer,SPAMS)采用空气动力学透镜、双激光测径系统以及双极飞行时间质量分析器,并用其对广州市大气细颗粒物进行在线分析,实现了矿尘颗粒物的空气动力学直径和化学组成的同时检测. 在连续4 d的采样中,共采集到249 057个粒径在0.2～1.2 μm且同时含有正负质谱信息的颗粒物,其中矿尘颗粒物占7.9%. 结果表明:矿尘颗粒物的正离子成分以Ca2+,K+>/sup>,Fe2+和Na+>/sup>为主,同时还含有Li+>/sup>,Mg2+,V>/sup>5+,Ba2+和Ti4+等;负离子成分以NO₃->/sup> 和NO₂->/sup>为主,另外还含有HSO₄->/sup>,SiO₃->/sup>和PO₃->/sup>等. 在广州市大气细颗粒物中,矿尘贡献不如含碳颗粒物和生物质燃烧颗粒物,且在矿尘颗粒物中贡献较大的几类(如含钙、含铁、含钠钾颗粒物等)大多是老化的成分.      

北京市西北城区取暖期环境大气中PM10的物理化学特征

根据监测资料探讨了北京市西北城区取暖期PM₁₀的逐日变化规律和日变化规律.分别使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究PM₁₀中的矿物成分及其微观形貌特征.结果表明夜间PM₁₀浓度普遍高于白天.XRD分析显示颗粒物粒度越细,其中所含的矿物种类越少.SEM研究得出,单个PM₁₀颗粒类型可初步分为有链状集合体、簇状集合体、圆球状、片状和不规则形状等5类.从数量上看,PM₁₀主要来自燃煤和汽车尾气.     

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone (AL), rock phosphate (RP), palygorskite (PG), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils (calcareous soil and acidic soil) polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials) for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd > Cu > Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with di erent mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG > AL > RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.     

典型非金属矿物制造工艺过程源成分谱特征

鉴于我国缺乏非金属矿物制品工艺过程源成分谱(源谱)现状,采用稀释通道系统于2017年2～6月采集了玻璃制造、陶瓷制造和砖瓦制造共6个非金属矿物制品企业排放的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品,对样品中的50种化学组分进行分析,构建相应的源谱,并对其特征进行研究.结果表明,玻璃制造源谱中以Na元素为主(质量分数介于9. 2%～18. 5%之间),陶瓷制造源谱中以Al、Si、Ca和Fe等地壳元素为主(质量分数在1. 7%～8. 7%之间),耐火砖和页岩砖源谱则是以SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+等水溶性离子为主,SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+质量分数分别介于36. 9%～48. 1%和7. 7%～17. 0%之间.不同企业因燃料类型、脱硫脱硝除尘方式不同会对源谱中的化学组分产生影响.源谱之间的分歧系数(CD)显示除页岩砖制造外,其余源谱2种粒径之间均较为相似,同粒径不同源谱间均存在差异,浮法玻璃与药用玻璃之间和2个陶瓷企业之间的CD值相对较小.使用R/U值比较源谱间不同组分的差异识别出Na和As元素可作为玻璃制造的标识组分,陶瓷制造可用Al和Ti来识别,NO_3~-和NH_4~+区分耐火砖,SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+识别页岩砖.     

西南碳酸盐岩石质山地土壤-植被系统中矿质养分不足问题的思考

本文提出了矿质养分不足可能是西南石漠化喀斯特山地植被生产力低和植被修复困难重要原因的观点。桂西北环江喀斯特农业生态站和黔中清镇王家寨小流域碳酸盐岩石灰土坡地的平均土壤质量厚度(<2mm),分别为21.95kg/m2和16.04kg/m2。以地上部分生产力4.8t/ha.a,灰分含量9.5%计,植被每年要从土壤中吸取45.6g/m2.a的矿质养分,相当于两地土壤总量的约千分之二。土壤总量少导致的西南碳酸盐岩石质山地土壤矿质养分不足,可能是植被生产力低下的重要原因。纯碳酸盐岩硅酸盐矿物含量低,成土速率低。长期不断的收获植物,不可避免地要带走矿物质,导致喀斯特山地土壤矿质养分的减少,进而抑制植物生长.施用矿质肥料可能是促进喀斯特石质山地植被修复的重要措施。     

采煤影响下峰峰煤炭矿区岩溶地下水水动力环境的演变

采煤影响后的岩溶地下水,强径流区的水动力特征虽未根本改变,但仍发生了明显的变化。采煤后,岩溶水的水流速率明显变慢,水力梯度加大,含水层间水力联系加强,因溶解矿物的差异也造成了水化学场的异同。因处于煤矿开发利用的不同阶段,不同径流区岩溶水水动力特征也存有明显的差异。     

6种矿质元素对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

通过盆栽试验 ,研究了B、K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co对青菜中硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明 :增施硼酸钠后第 2 0天 ,青菜硝酸盐含量比对照降低 1 4 84%～ 1 9 56 % ;增施K、Mn、Mg、Zn、Co也能降低青菜硝酸盐含量。每盆增施0 1gZnSO4 后第 1 0天 ,青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少 1 8 96 % ,每盆增施 0 1gK2 SO4 后第 2 0天 ,青菜中硝酸盐含量比对照减少 2 1 42 % ;矿质元素的施用量对青菜硝酸盐含量影响较大。