加强我国矿产资源开发中的环境保护工作

我国矿产资源丰富且矿种较齐全,但人均占有量偏低。生产技术水平低,资源消耗较大,造成环境污染严重。加强矿产资源开发中的环境保护工作是经济持续发展的战略措施。     

铜镉复合胁迫下温度对小麦幼苗生长及其对铜、镉和矿质营养元素吸收与各元素在亚细胞分布的影响

为了研究重金属复合胁迫下温度变化对陆生植物的毒性效应的影响,实验采用水培的方法,设置对照和Cu-Cd复合胁迫(10 μmol·L1 Cu+10μmol·L-1Cd)2个处理,每个处理分别设置3个不同的培养温度(8/4℃、25/20℃和35/30℃),对小麦进行48 h的暴露实验,测定小麦幼苗的生长及其对重金属和矿质营养...     

湖北省医疗矿石资源的开发前景

地质医疗矿石的开发已逾2000余年,但至今发展明显落后。本文主要介绍了湖北省具医疗功能的20余种矿石,剖析了医疗矿石的开发现状,并指出今后的开发方向。     

知识经济时代我国西部矿业可持续发展研究

本文分析了西部矿产资源和矿业概况,矿产资源开发利用中存在的问题,提出了西部地区矿产资源可持续开发利用和矿业可持续发展的正确途径。     

蚯蚓过腹处理对污泥中四环素降解及大量营养元素赋存的影响

针对污泥中大量抗生素残留对环境的威胁和污泥资源化利用的瓶颈等问题,采用微宇宙实验手段研究了蚯蚓过腹处理污泥过程中四环素的降解特征和污泥蚓粪中大量营养元素的赋存特征。结果表明,污泥中的四环素降解率与处理时间呈正相关关系;室温静置32 d后,污泥中9%~11%的四环素发生降解。蚯蚓过腹处理下,污泥中四环素浓度与四环素降解率呈负相关关系,随着污泥中四环素浓度的增加,四环素降解率逐渐降低,蚯蚓过腹处理32 d后,污泥中四环素的降解率提升了45%~64%。蚯蚓过腹形成的污泥蚓粪中总氮和有机质含量显著减低,而铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾和总钾含量以及pH和电导率均显著升高;随着污泥中四环素浓度的增加,污泥蚓粪中总氮和氨氮含量以及pH和电导率呈显著降低趋势;污泥蚓粪中铵态氮和硝态氮含量、pH和电导率与四环素降解率均呈正相关关系。蚯蚓过腹处理能够显著提升污泥中四环素的降解率及污泥蚓粪中速效氮磷钾的含量。     

两种不同极性有机物在离子饱和黏土矿物上的吸附行为

探讨非极性的菲和极性的1,3-二硝基苯在不同阳离子饱和高岭石和蒙脱石上的吸附机制。结果表明,不同阳离子饱和矿物对1,3-二硝基苯的吸附量均高于菲。1∶1型高岭石阳离子交换量和比表面积均低于2∶1型蒙脱石,对菲和1,3-二硝基苯的吸附量也较弱。Zeta电位按照K+、Ca2+和Al3+饱和矿物的顺序从负电荷方向逐渐趋于0,表明矿物表面疏水性逐渐加强,与菲的疏水性作用更强。X射线衍射分析显示,离子饱和矿物吸附菲后层间距增大,表明菲进入层间。Al3+饱和蒙脱石吸附菲前后层间距均为最大,对菲的层间容纳能力最强,因此,Al3+饱和矿物对菲的吸附量均高于K+和Ca2+饱和矿物。K+较弱的水分子竞争及空间位阻作用使得K+饱和矿物对1,3-二硝基苯的吸附量更高,3价的Al3+相对2价的Ca2+具有更强的阳离子架桥能力,提高了1,3-二硝基苯在Al3+饱和矿物上的吸附量。     

土壤矿质胶体对镉的吸附-解吸热力学与动力学研究

通过等温吸附-解吸热力学与动力学实验,研究了土壤胶体对镉的吸持特性.结果表明,吸附等温线拟合以Freundlich方程最优,其次是Langmuir方程.按对镉的吸附量由大到小顺序胶体依次是:紫色土矿质胶体(8 216.34 mg/kg)、黄壤矿质胶体(6 468.11 mg/kg)、紫色土去铁矿质胶体(4 963.13 mg/kg)和黄壤去铁矿质胶体(2 342.83mg/kg).而吸附强度则相反,按解吸率大小胶体依次是:紫色土去铁矿质胶体(8.7%～33.9%)、黄壤去铁矿质胶体(2.2%～25.4%)、紫色土矿质胶体(6.8%～18.9%)和黄壤矿质胶体(0.6%～17.7%).由动力学实验得出:土壤矿质胶体对镉的等温吸附-解吸过程分为开始时的快速反应阶段和随后的慢速反应阶段,吸附和解吸过程中两阶段划分时间点分别为4 h和12 h,动力学过程以双常数方程描述最佳.     

Mineralogy of Atmospheric Suspended Dust in Three Indoor And One Outdoor Location in Oman

The aim of this work is to characterize the mineral phases present in the atmosphere at three locations in northern Oman. Samples of atmospheric particles were collected using a high volume sampler. Three indoor and one outdoor location were chosen in this investigation. Sampling locations included a residential house located nearby the cement plant, a residential house located nearby a refinery plant, and a residential house located at Al-Suwayq residential area. Indoor air was sampled from these three houses. Moreover, for the Al-Suwayq residential house, sampling was also taken outside the house for comparison. The dust samples were analysed for their microanalysis characterization and their mineral contents as well. The microanalysis enabled us to identify the metals present in the particles. Furthermore, the mineralogical analysis of the sample filters showed the presence of quartz as the principal phase inside the house of Al-Suwayq, whereas quartz, dolomite, and gypsum were common phases outside the house. In the residential house nearby the cement plant, it was found that calcite, quartz, dolomite and goethite were the principal phases whereas the particles collected from the house nearby the refinery composed primarily of dolomite and calcite. The airborne dust collected at the refinery and Al-Suwayq were probably sourced in the natural environment and mobilised by natural processes. However, at the cement factory the crushing and grinding of limestone during the industrial process has contributed significantly to the airborne dust load. Generally, the information obtained in this study will be invaluable as no data for the mineral content of atmospheric dust existed in the Oman.     

矿物质组分对低品质生物质热解过程的影响

通过酸洗脱除低品质生物质（鸡粪与猪粪）中的矿物质组分,并使用热重分析仪对酸洗前后样品的热解行为进行了研究.结果表明,由于两种农林废物的有机组成和矿物质含量不同,导致其热解行为差异较大.鸡粪中含有大量的CaCO3,其在高温下分解放出CO2,并与鸡粪半焦中的碳发生气化反应.酸洗不但改变了禽畜粪便中矿物质的含量,而且改变了该...     

国外保护矿业环境的矿业立法择优

勘探尤其是开采对环境的污染和破坏是比较典型的,为此,世界绝大多数国家制订了独立于矿产资源法的《矿业法》,从立法资源上保证保护矿业环境的法律构建.国外《矿业法》以源头控制、全过程控制、无过错和合力等立法原则,贯通于行政特许权授予为主并综合运用矿业主体激励、市场力量、公众参与等其他管理方式之中,构建成立体性保护矿业环境的法律制度.国外矿业法择优显得我国取代《矿业法》的《矿产资源法》关于矿业环境保护的规定过分“吝啬“.