复合污染状态下尾矿区有害化学品的迁移研究

用混合尾矿浆及尾矿渣淋溶柱,研究选矿药剂在尾矿渣及尾矿废水中的静态分布及其淋溶作用,结果表明:①选矿药剂对整个尾矿区都污染,即使是水溶性好的药剂,它们在尾矿渣中的静态分布也占有相当的比例,油溶性好的药剂多存在于尾矿渣中,尾矿污染为多种药剂的复合污染,各种药剂在尾矿渣及尾矿废水中的总浓度成倍加大;②用尾矿渣淋溶柱测得单一药剂的淋溶值:25号黑药>MIBC> CN->二号油>乙基黄药>丁基黄药>Y-89黄药.但多种药剂复合污染时,药剂的淋溶距离明显加大,其中CN-和Y-89黄药加大近一倍.复合药剂污染加大药剂的残留期,也加大它们向地下水及其它水源迁移的几率.     

泥炭保护紫花苜蓿根系对柴油污染土壤修复的研究

采用盆栽试验,观察了泥炭保护根系移栽和直播2种栽培方式处理的紫花苜蓿在柴油污染土壤中的生长情况及其对土壤中柴油污染物的去除情况,探讨了利用泥炭保护根系措施清除土壤柴油污染物的可行性.结果表明,泥炭保护根系处理有利于紫花营蓿根系形态发育,能促进根系细菌和真菌的繁殖,并显著提高根区土壤柴油降解率.     

阳离子型聚合物对低温低浊水的絮凝效果与形态学特性

采用微絮凝-深床直接过滤工艺,以西安市曲江水厂低温低浊水质为原水(水温低于10 ℃,初始浊度低于10NTU),投加阳离子型聚合物(简称CP)作主混凝剂或助凝剂,借助分形数学理论与图像分析技术,对滤料粒径、原水浊度、原水温度、药剂种类、聚合物分子量及投加量、混合强度等因素对处理效果的影响进行了研究,分析探讨了不同药剂处理低温低浊水的作用机理、絮凝形态学特征以及絮体结构的分形特性.结果表明,①当温度低于4 ℃、初始浊度小于4NTU时,不宜单独采用Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂;当温度为4～10 ℃、初始浊度小于10NTU时,如果只投加Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂,宜用细砂滤料过滤;低温低浊条件下,无机混凝剂形成的絮体粒径小、结构松散脆弱、有效质量密度低、沉速慢,但表征絮体分形特性的分维值较高.②CP作絮凝剂能显著改善低温低浊水的絮凝效果与过滤性能,但混合强度需增大,宜用粗砂滤料过滤;③单独用CP作絮凝剂时,宜投加分子量较低的弱阳性聚合物或投加低剂量较高分子量的强阳性聚合物;CP用作助凝剂时,能显著减少主混凝剂用量,但宜投加强阳性聚合物或增加弱阳性聚合物的剂量.④CP兼备电性中和与吸附架桥絮凝作用,能形成粒径较大、吸附性能与过滤性能良好的网状絮体构型,其有效质量密度高,产生的污泥量少,污泥沉降速度快,脱水效果好,但分维值低.⑤各种水处理药剂的处理效果为:Al2(SO4)3(或PAC) CP＞CP＞PAC＞Al2(SO4)3,这种差别由絮体的形态学特性与构型特征各异引起.     

矿产资源规划理论的形成和发展

矿产资源规划是区域发展规划的重要组成部分,是政府对矿业经济进行宏观调控的一种手段。本文从理论更新和完善的角度重新确立了区域矿产资源规划的理论体系,提出矿产资源规划理论经历形成、发展与创新三个阶段,并就矿产资源配置与价格规律、矿产资源经济区划理论和可持续发展理论在其中的深远影响进行了初步探讨。     

A conceptual approach to model sand–gravel extraction from rivers based on a game theory perspective

Sand–gravel mining is a significant parameter of economic development and social welfare function in modern societies. As demand for aggregate increases in construction industry, conflicts for the availability of the resource and environmental impacts become more intense. The present paper describes the contested status quo in riverbed sand–gravel mining activities with an example from Greece, as a case study. The scope is to propose a methodology about good governance of the mining sector that promotes a sustainable sharing of aggregate resource by securing environment and safekeeping revenues in the mining trade market.     

Secondary arsenic minerals in the environment: A review

Information on arsenic (As) speciation in solid materials is critical for many environmental studies concerned with As stability and/or mobility in natural As-impacted soils and mining or industrial sites contaminated by As. The investigation of these systems has provided evidence for a number of secondary As minerals that have often played a significant role in As mobility in the solid phase–water system. This paper presents a list of environmentally important secondary As minerals in contaminated soil and waste systems, summarizes the information about their origin, occurrence, environmental stability and thermodynamics, and proposes several important avenues for further investigation.     

Effects of cadmium on forearm bone density after reduction of exposure for 10 years in a Chinese population

The main focus of this study was to evaluate long term effects of cadmium on forearm bone mineral density after stopping ingestion of cadmium-polluted rice for 10 years in a Chinese population. A total of 532 persons (338 women and 194 men), living in control, moderately and heavily polluted areas, were included in this study. The residents living in the polluted area ceased ingesting cadmium-polluted rice in 1996. All participants were require to answer a questionnaire and the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the proximal radius and ulna. Samples of urine and blood were collected for determination of cadmium in urine (UCd) and blood (BCd).The BMD of subjects living in the heavily polluted area was significantly lower than that of those living in control area in both men and women (p < 0.01). For the people living in the moderately polluted area, only the women's BMD was greatly lower compared to that in the control area (p < 0.05). The BMD declined with the increasing BCd and UCd in both sexes, especially in the highest level (BCd > 5 µg/L, UCd > 10 µg/g crea) groups (p < 0.01). It was found that there were significant differences in the prevalence of osteoporosis among the different areas (χ² = 13.046, p = 0.0003) and different UCd groups (χ² = 4.511, p = 0.0337) in women, but not in men (χ² = 0.962, p = 0.3268; χ² = 1.906, p = 0.1675). But a significant difference exists in the prevalence of osteoporosis among different BCd groups in both genders (χ² = 9.304, p = 0.00229, in women; χ² = 4603, p = 0.0319, in men). This study suggested that cadmium could play a long-term role on bone and more attention should be paid to cadmium effects on bone metabolism after reduction of exposure.     

脂肪酰基氨基酸对矿物润滑油生物降解性的影响研究

通过生物降解试验研究了N-月桂酰基谷氨酸、N-月桂酰基甘氨酸、N-月桂酰基丙氨酸和N-油酰基甘氨酸4种脂肪酰基氨基酸对HVI 350矿物润滑油生物降解性的影响,采用高倍电子显微镜分析了生物降解过程中微生物数量和形态变化。结果表明,在矿物润滑油中添加少量脂肪酰基氨基酸后,矿物润滑油的生物降解性能明显改善,且生物降解过程中微生物数量增多、形态发生变化,这可能是脂肪酰基氨基酸增加了微生物的营养,且具有表面活性,有利于细胞的吸收,从而促进了矿物润滑油生物降解。     

成都PM2.5与气象条件的关系及城市空间形态的影响

2013年2月1日至3月20日、2013年7月10日至8月10日对成都市大气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)进行连续监测,同步记录气象数据。将PM2.5质量浓度与城市气象条件进行相关性分析,研究气象条件对PM2.5质量浓度的影响。2月1日至3月20日PM2.5质量浓度平均为147.38μg/m3,7月10日至8月10日平均为50.19μg/m3,大气细颗粒物污染最严重的时间出现在2月1—6日。成都市各气象条件中,PM2.5质量浓度与能见度、风速呈现显著负相关,而与其他气象要素相关性较弱,降水对PM2.5质量浓度影响也很大。改善城市通风有利于成都市大气中PM2.5的稀释和消散。通过建立3D模型并运用计算流体力学(CFD)软件模拟成都市选定的一处密集的建成区域,分析城市空间形态对通风的影响。研究发现,在假设等温的情况下,多层密集的区域对城市通风影响小,而高层对城市通风影响很大,建筑高度相近的街道与风向平行的风速大于与风向成角度的,与风向平行的街道沿线为高层的风速高于沿线为多层的,较大的开敞空间及背景风速更有利于城市通风环境。     

矿业权集聚、经济增长与区域贫困减缓

本文基于泰尔指数法,计算并测度了中国资源富集区的城乡收入差距与行业(矿业)收入差距,然后结合矿业权集聚度的测度结果和中国资源税改革的变动特征,建立面板数据回归模型,考察了2004—2014年中国资源富集区矿业权集聚与经济增长、贫困减缓的长期关系。本文的主要结论是:资源税对矿业权集聚水平和矿业经济增长具有正向刺激作用,但矿业经济增长并不利于地区经济的整体改进,也不利于区域贫困减缓。资源税低水平征收对"资源诅咒"和"区域贫困"具有传导效应,进而对资源富集区的贫困减缓形成阻滞作用。另外,矿业权集聚对地区贫困的影响存在异质性,异质性揭示了区域资源性收益分配存在的差异。短期来看,矿业权集聚使中央企业惠及更多,是引致"富饶中的贫困"怪圈的重要原因;但长期来看,随着矿业权集聚度的提升,地方政府获得的累积性资源性收益不断上升,渐次增强了地方政府通过社会保障支出实施收入调节的能力,总体上有利于区域贫困的减缓。因此,为实现资源富集区的精准扶贫,资源主管部门在制定减贫措施前,应根据不同区域特点区别对待,短期内应着力于调整资源性收益分配机制,赋予地方更多资源性收益,并加大对社会的保障性支出;长期来看,应探索建立合理有效的资源税体制,促进经济增长方式的多样化,并鼓励科技创新,进一步提高社会群体的受教育程度,从根本上改变区域贫困产生的内生性环境和外生性环境。