Wetland Flowpaths Mediate Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations across the Upper Mississippi River Basin

Eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and human health impacts are critical environmental challenges resulting from excess nitrogen and phosphorus in surface waters. Yet we have limited information regarding how wetland characteristics mediate water quality across watershed scales. We developed a large, novel set of spatial variables characterizing hydrological flowpaths from wetlands to streams, that is, “wetland hydrological transport variables,” to explore how wetlands statistically explain the variability in total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations across the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) in the United States. We found that wetland flowpath variables improved landscape-to-aquatic nutrient multilinear regression models (from R² = 0.89 to 0.91 for TN; R² = 0.53 to 0.84 for TP) and provided insights into potential processes governing how wetlands influence watershed-scale TN and TP concentrations. Specifically, flowpath variables describing flow-attenuating environments, for example, subsurface transport compared to overland flowpaths, were related to lower TN and TP concentrations. Frequent hydrological connections from wetlands to streams were also linked to low TP concentrations, which likely suggests a nutrient source limitation in some areas of the UMRB. Consideration of wetland flowpaths could inform management and conservation activities designed to reduce nutrient export to downstream waters.     

上流式缺氧污泥床和好氧生物膜组合脱氮工艺的研究

将上流式颗粒污泥床(USB)用于反硝化和生物膜法用于自养硝化处理蔗糖配水和小区生活污水,反硝化污泥床去除有机物和硝态氮具有节省需好氧去除有机物的能耗的优势,同时好氧生物膜法硝化效率高。试验结果表明,当工艺进水的有机负荷小于2kgCOD/m3·d时,出水COD均小于60mg/L,好氧单元进水有机负荷和氨氮负荷分别小于13kgCOD/m3·d和09kgNH3N/m3·d时,出水氨氮小于5mg/L;COD/NO-3N是影响反硝化的关键因素,处理蔗糖配水时,COD/NO-3N大于5时反硝化脱氮完全,而COD/NO-3N为10时,生活污水作为电子供体仍然脱氮不完全;有机物含量过高导致好氧单元硝化效果降低,HRT是影响好氧单元硝化效率的主要因素,HRT缩短为15h时,氨氮去除率降低了85%左右;同时处理蔗糖配水和生活污水的反硝化菌活性相当。     

湛江电力公司氮氧化物减排措施

介绍了湛江电力公司4×300 MW燃煤发电机组减排氮氧化物实施的技术。     

基质类型及季节变化对人工湿地氮去除效果的影响

考察了基质类型及季节变化对人工湿地氮去除效果的影响,结果显示:基质类型对水平潜流人工湿地氮的去除效果有显著影响,煤渣基质比组合基质更利于提高人工湿地对氮的去除效果;季节不同,人工湿地氮的去除效果存在差异,平均去除率由高到低的顺序为:夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季.     

电流密度对BDD电极电化学矿化吲哚的影响与机制

掺硼金刚石膜(BDD)电极电化学氧化法是去除难降解有机污染物的有效手段.与总有机碳(TOC)等的测定相比,气态中间产物的逸出量能够更直观有效地反映有机物的矿化程度与去除效果.本研究以吲哚为代表性污染物,通过对比不同电流密度(10、20和30 m A·cm-2)下BDD电极对吲哚的去除率与矿化率,结合降解过程中碳和氮形态的变化与守恒情况,分析吲哚的降解机制.结果表明,BDD电极对吲哚有良好的去除效果,电流密度为10、20、30 m A·cm-2时,吲哚达到100%去除的时间分别为8、5和4 h;TOC去除率、CO_2产生量均随电流密度的增加而增大,证明矿化率与电流密度成正相关;电解产生的CO_2气体与TOC、无机碳(TIC)构成了碳守恒体系.4~5 h时,体系TOC、TON和CO_2产生量均没有变化,表明电解产生的靛红具有较高的稳定性,此时为中间产物积累阶段;XPS表征进一步证实了中间产物靛红、苯醌等在电极表面的吸附,随着电解时间的延长,这些吸附的中间产物可进一步被降解.本研究从气态产物检测及碳氮形态分析与守恒的角度阐释吲哚矿化过程,对于辅助揭示有机物的电解过程有重要意义.     

矿物超细颗粒的形成机制、结构特征及其环境行为和效应

矿物超细颗粒在自然环境中普遍存在,具有独特的环境行为和效应,对元素地球化学循环、污染物迁移转化和生态环境演变等有重要影响.矿物超细颗粒的环境行为和效应与其形成过程和结构特征密切相关.综述了物理、化学和生物过程驱动的矿物超细颗粒的形成机制,介绍了用于表征矿物超细颗粒结构特征的显微镜、光谱、质谱和同步辐射技术,分析了矿物超细颗粒在环境中的迁移转化及其与污染物的吸附、氧化还原和催化转化作用,总结了矿物超细颗粒的食物链积累、生物和生态毒性等环境效应,并对颗粒结晶路径、风险管控和微纳界面调控等重要研究方向进行了展望.超细颗粒是连接微观物质与宏观矿物晶体之间的桥梁,全面认识复杂基质中矿物颗粒的环境属性及其与污染物的微观作用机制,有助于指导矿物超细颗粒在环境污染修复中的应用,从而优化功能材料的设计,促进绿色低碳纳米技术的发展.     

三峡库区笋溪河流域面源污染及其与土壤可蚀性k值的关系

研究三峡库区面源污染特征及其与水土流失的关系,可为库区氮磷污染和土壤侵蚀控制提供依据.选择三峡库区库尾笋溪河流域,在流域内分园地、林地和耕地3种土地利用类型共采集126个土壤样品,并在主干和支流采集52个水质样品.根据EPIC模型计算土壤可蚀性k值,分析流域内土壤可蚀性k值对面源污染的影响.结果表明,笋溪河流域面源污染主要是氮污染,总氮均值达1.37 mg/L,氮素的主要形态为硝态氮,占总氮的71.2%;总磷浓度为0.1 mg/L.流域内土壤可蚀性k值均值为0.040,随着土层加深土壤可蚀性k值呈上升趋势;林地土壤可蚀性k值显著低于园地和耕地.笋溪河流域总氮浓度与园地和耕地0-20 cm土壤可蚀性k值有关,硝态氮浓度与耕地0-40 cm土壤可蚀性k值有关.因此,笋溪河流域面源污染严重,主要来源是耕地和园地,应实行免耕、植物篱等措施,同时减少化肥施用,增加有机肥比例,以增加土壤抗侵蚀能力,进而控制流域水土流失和面源污染.(图6参37)     

A double‐edged sword: Realities of artisanal and small‐scale mining for rural people in the Alaotra region of Madagascar

A growing number of people are entering the artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM) sector worldwide. In Madagascar, millions of individuals depend on this informal activity. Through a case study in the Alaotra‐Mangoro region of Madagascar, our research aimed to understand the “bottom‐up” dynamics and ripple effects of the sector, by looking at the realities for rural communities where inhabitants are both directly and indirectly affected by ASM. We were interested in community members' and miners' perceptions of the socio‐economic and environmental impacts of ASM, and in identifying the factors attracting people living in one of the country's agricultural hubs to this activity. Our results show a wide diversity of push and pull factors leading people to enter the sector. Although many positive impacts of ASM exist for miners and communities within the vicinity of mines, most miner participants considered themselves worse off since starting to mine, highlighting the high risk and low probability of return of ASM. ASM's potential for local and national development will remain squandered if its negative impacts continue to go unmanaged. Accounting for local contexts and the ripple effects of ASM will be crucial in achieving safety and security for miners, and to tap into the benefits it may offer communities while minimising environmental damage.     

青岛近海不同污染过程下大气颗粒态氮磷浓度分布特征

2018年3月~2019年10月在青岛近海连续采集了大气气溶胶样品,测定出样品中溶解无机氮（DIN）、溶解无机磷（DIP）、溶解态总氮（DTN）、溶解态总磷（DTP）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的浓度分别为（7.13±6.59）μg·m^-3、（17.42±9.88）ng·m^-3、（8.34±7.03）μg·m^-3、（25.59±13.67）ng·m^-3、（10.68±10.59）μg·m^-3和（76.34±51.79）ng·m^-3.结果表明,受排放源强度、气团来源和气象条件等因素影响,采样期间气溶胶中不同形态氮磷浓度变化范围较大,DIN、DTN和TN呈现秋季浓度最高,春季和冬季次之,夏季浓度最低的季节变化特征;DIP、DTP浓度与氮组分具有相似的季节变化,表现为秋季高,夏季低,而TP浓度在春季最高,夏季最低.霾天气溶胶中不同形态氮磷浓度较晴天对照天均显著增加,DIN、DTN和TN较对照天分别提高了4.3、3.8和4.5倍,而DIP、DTP和TP较对照天分别提高了1.9、1.9和1.2倍,但不同时期霾天样品的氮组分浓度增长幅度相差较大,其中采暖期与非采暖期霾天气溶胶中DIN/DTN的值分别为（92.65±4.09）%和（80.52±8.42）%,较对照天分别提高了8.87%和4.83%;而采暖期与非采暖期霾天气溶胶中DTN/TN值分别为（73.41±12.18）%和（80.36±4.72）%,较对照天分别降低了13.35%和5.92%.霾天气溶胶中DIP占DTP的比重较对照天仅提高了1.47%,但变化较为复杂,随霾天不同而有较大差异;受气团来源、相对湿度和大气酸化过程等因素影响,气溶胶中DTP/TP的值较对照天提高了10.58%.受沙尘事件影响的气溶胶中DIN、DTN和TN的浓度较对照天分别提高了2.5、2.6和2.6倍,DIP、DTP和TP的浓度较对照天分别提高了4.0、2.8和7.2倍.     

工程规模长填龄渗滤液膜生物-纳滤组合设施各单元污染物去除效能

填埋场渗滤液性质复杂,普遍采用生物处理与深度处理多单元串联工艺;但是,因缺乏对工程运行规模中各单元污染物处理贡献的评估数据,使优化单元组合方式缺少理论依据.因此,本文采用常规和荧光光谱指标结合的方法,对以采用"膜生物反应器（membrane biological reactor,MBR）+纳滤（nanofiltration,NF）"工艺、处理能力800 m³·d^-1的工程设施为对象,分析该组合工艺各单元对长填龄渗滤液处理贡献;同时,利用三维荧光-平行因子分析方法（excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy-parallel factor,EEM-PARAFAC）评估渗滤液中溶解性有机物（dissolved organic matters,DOM）性质的变化.结果表明,生物处理阶段对溶解性氮（dissolved nitrogen,DN）去除贡献率为74.7%,其中一级反硝化单元对DN去除贡献率为54.6%,外置式超滤单元对溶解性化学需氧量（dissolved chemical oxygen demand,sCOD）和溶解性碳（dissolved oganic carbon,DOC）降低贡献率分别为92.2%和93.3%,纳滤单元可有效去除重金属和盐分,但能力有限.通过追踪长填龄渗滤液DOM变化发现,一级反硝化单元可去除长填龄渗滤液中75.4%的类蛋白物质,超滤单元主要截留亲水性较高的DOM,而高芳香性的腐殖质主要通过纳滤截留,腐殖化程度越高截留效果越好.研究结果提示,处理长填龄渗滤液时,MBR工艺生物处理单元可适当简化,超滤单元则应预防堵塞.