地下水矿化度测定的不确定度评定

分析质量法测量地下水矿化度的测量不确定度来源，评定了地下水矿化度的测量不确定度，在各不确定度中，称量引入的不确定度较大。     

Effect of N and P addition on soil organic C potential mineralization in forest soils in South China

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition is at a high level in some forests of South China. The effects of addition of exogenous N and P on soil organic carbon mineralization were studied to address: (1) if the atmospheric N deposition promotes soil C storage through decreasing mineralization; (2) if the soil available P is a limitation to organic carbon mineralization. Soils (0-10 cm) was sampled from monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (MEBF), coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBMF), and Pinus massoniana...     

产脲酶细菌矿化修复Cd和Pb污染土壤效应和机制

为了修复重金属污染土壤,保障蔬菜品质安全,利用产脲酶筛选培养基从重金属污染生菜根际土壤中筛选产脲酶细菌.通过溶液吸附和土壤静置培养试验研究功能菌株对Cd和Pb的固定钝化机制;利用水培试验研究功能菌株对不同品种蔬菜生长及吸收Cd和Pb的影响.结果显示,从生菜根际土壤中共分离到10株产脲酶细菌,其中菌株Microbacterium foliorum CH6和Bacillus thuringiensis N3的产脲酶能力（分别为62.6,59.6mS/（cm·min））和吸附钝化Cd和Pb （84.6%~91.3%）的能力最高.扫描电镜-能谱、傅里叶红外光谱和X衍射分析表明,菌株CH6和N3能够通过细胞壁吸附和诱导重金属成矿反应,降低溶液中的Cd和Pb含量.土壤静置试验表明,与不接种菌株对照相比,菌株CH6和N3均能降低土壤中可交态Cd和Pb （46.3%~66.7%）的含量,增加碳酸盐结合态及残渣态Cd和Pb （40%~95.4%）的含量.砂培试验表明,菌株CH6和N3均能显著降低生菜、上海青和空心菜可食用部分中Cd （39.2%~81.4%）和Pb （27.4%~82.3%）的含量.产脲酶细菌CH6和N3能够矿化土壤中的Cd和Pb,降低土壤中重金属有效态含量,阻控生菜、上海青和空心菜对Cd和Pb的吸收.     

不同母质发育土壤团聚体分布对外源输入秸秆的响应及其与有机碳矿化的关系

土壤团聚体的形成和稳定对于有机碳的转化和积累具有重要意义,然而不同母质发育土壤团聚体对有机碳的物理保护作用及其与有机碳矿化之间的关系仍不清楚.本文以石灰岩、第四纪红土、花岗岩、玄武岩和红砂岩母质发育的典型土壤为对象,研究添加玉米秸秆7 d和184 d时土壤团聚体和各组分有机碳的变化规律,分析不同母质土壤有机碳矿化的主要影响因素.结果表明,不添加秸秆时,所有母质土壤以1.0～0.5、 0.5～0.25和0.25 mm粒级团聚体为主,添加玉米秸秆有效促进了2 mm和2～1 mm粒级团聚体的形成.石灰岩、第四纪红土和玄武岩土壤形成水稳性大团聚体并且保持其稳定的能力高于花岗岩和红砂岩土壤.添加玉米秸秆培养184 d,石灰岩、第四纪红土和玄武岩土壤有机碳的累积矿化率显著(P0.05)低于花岗岩和红砂岩土壤.相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳的累积矿化率与游离态有机碳的比例极显著(P0.01)正相关,而与0.25 mm团聚体有机碳的比例极显著(P0.01)负相关.利用~(13)C核磁共振(~(13)C-NMR)技术对土壤有机碳进行结构表征,结果显示团聚体内轻组有机碳的分解程度低于游离态轻组有机碳,且石灰岩、第四纪红土和玄武岩土壤这两个组分有机碳的分解程度都低于其他母质土壤,直接证实了团聚体对于有机碳的物理保护作用.成土母质通过控制土壤胶体的数量和性质致使团聚体及有机碳分布对输入外源有机物质的响应存在较大差异,进而影响有机碳的矿化.石灰岩、第四纪红土和玄武岩土壤中团聚体稳定性高且对有机碳的保护容量大,有利于有机碳的积累和稳定.     

祁连山中部四种典型生态系统土壤氮矿化的研究

水热因素对土壤氮矿化的影响直接关系到陆地生态系统功能对气候变化的响应趋势。祁连山是青藏高原北沿的典型山地,对气候变化影响十分敏感和脆弱,为了定量确定祁连山土壤氮分解对水热因素变化的响应趋势,在人工气候箱内以正交试验设计方法培养土壤,分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林、荒漠草原和干草原土壤氮矿化及其与温度、湿度和土层的关系。结果显示:以土壤氮矿化量极差计,海拔高度影响最大,其次是温度和湿度;以土壤氮矿化比例极差计,温度和海拔高度影响较大。海拔高度对土壤氮矿化量的影响显著(p<0.05)。除湿度外,其它因素对土壤氮矿化比例影响也达到显著程度(p<0.10)。35℃下土壤氮矿化比例显著比5℃下高,而不同湿度下土壤氮矿化及其矿化比例差异不显著(p<0.05)。海拔高度3000m和3300m处土壤氮矿化量比2800m和2200m处高,2800m处比2200m处高,3000m处土壤氮矿化比例显著比2200m和3300m处高(p<0.05)。森林和干旱草原土壤中氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。以土壤氮矿化速率计,5℃升高到15℃下和15℃升到25℃,Q10较低;以土壤氮矿化比例计,5℃升高到15℃下,Q10较高,15℃到25℃较低。研究结果说明高寒草甸和山地森林土壤氮矿化量较高,干旱草原和荒漠草原土壤氮矿化量较低;森林和干旱草原中土壤氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。     

黔西北威宁—水城铅锌矿带动力成矿作用研究

地质地球化学证据显示 ,黔西北铅锌矿带铅锌主要来自基底碎屑岩系 ,硫来自于赋矿地层 ,成矿流体主要来自于构造动力压泌的地层水 ;初始成矿流体特征可能为中低温、较高盐度、较还原、弱酸至弱碱性 ,具Ca2 + (Mg2 + ) -Na+ -F-(Cl-)型 ,Pb、Zn、Ba在其中呈氟氯配合物形式搬运 ,水岩相互作用是Pb、Zn沉淀的重要因素 ;铅锌成矿可分为两个阶段 :第一阶段主要是使原始沉积的黄铁矿层改造富化和改变矿源岩中Pb、Zn的赋存状态 ,第二阶段的构造动力热流泵作用使Pb、Zn叠加富集成矿     

Degradation of telone II in contaminated and noncontaminated soils

Abstract

Degradation of the nematicide Telone II (cis‐ and trans‐1,3‐dichloropropene comprise the active ingredients) in soil was studied using ¹⁴C‐l,3‐dichloropropene (DCP) along with soil samples collected from a field test site near Quincy, Florida. A mixed bacterial culture isolated from the soil in the presence of a second carbon source, glucose or yeast extract, completely degraded ¹⁴C‐DCP to ¹⁴CO₂, water‐soluble products, and microbial mass. ¹⁴C‐DCP in soil was also degraded to ¹⁴CO₂. After 28 days of incubation, the labeled chemical was completely degraded to ¹⁴CO₂, water‐soluble metabolites, bound‐residues, and possibly some microbial mass. Little or no difference was observed in the degradation of ¹⁴C‐DCP in soil samples collected one week prior to field application of Telone II, or two weeks and two years after application.     

Influence of humic fractions on retention of isoproturon residues in two Moroccan soils

The influence of different fractions of soil organic matter on the retention of the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) has been evaluated. Water and methanol extractable residues of ¹⁴C labeled isoproturon have been determined in two Moroccan soils by β -counting–liquid chromatography. The quantification of bound residues in soil and in different fractions of soil humic substances has been performed using pyrolysis/scintillation-detected gas-chromatography. Microbial mineralization of the herbicide and soil organic matter has been also monitored. Retention of isoproturon residues after 30-days incubation ranged from 22% to 32% (non-extractable fraction). The radioactivity extracted in an aqueous environment was from 20% to 33% of the amount used for the treatment; meanwhile, methanol was able to extract another 48%. Both soils showed quantities of bound residues into the humin fraction higher than humic and fulvic acids. The total amount of residues retained into the organic matter of the soils was about 65 % of non-extractable fraction, and this percentage did not change with incubation time; on the contrary, the sorption rate of the retention reaction is mostly influenced by the clay fraction and organic content of the soil. Only a little part of the herbicide was mineralized during the experimental time.     

Polynomial response of 2,4-D mineralization to temperature in soils at varying soil moisture contents,slope positions and depths

The herbicide 2,4-D [2,4-(dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] is a widely used broadleaf control agent in cereal production systems. Although 2,4-D soil-residual activity (half-lives) are typicaly less than 10 days, this herbicide also has as a short-term leaching potential due to its relatively weak retention by soil constituents. Herbicide residual effects and leaching are influenced by environmental variables such as soil moisture and temperature. The objective of this study was to determine impacts of these environmental variables on the magnitude and extent of 2,4-D mineralization in a cultivated undulating Manitoba prairie landscape. Microcosm incubation experiments were utilized to assess 2,4-D half-lives and total mineralization using a 4 × 4 × 3 × 2 factorial design (with soil temperature at 4 levels: 5, 10, 20 and 40°C; soil moisture at 4 levels: 60, 85, 110, 135 % of field capacity; slope position at 3 levels: upper-, mid- and lower-slopes; and soil depth at 2 levels: 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm). Half-lives (t_1/2) varied from 3 days to 51 days with the total 2,4-D mineralization (M _T ) ranging from 5.8 to 50.9 %. The four-way interaction (temperature × moisture × slope × depth) significantly (p< 0.001) influenced both t_1/2 and M _T. Second-order polynomial equations best described the relations of temperature with t_1/2 and M_T as was expected from a biological system. However, the interaction and variability of t_1/2 and M_T among different temperatures, soil moistures, slope positions, and soil depth combinations indicates that the complex nature of these interacting factors should be considered when applying 2,4-D in agricultural fields and in utilizing these parameters in pesticide fate models.     

Soil bound residues of carbaryl and 1‐naphthol: Release and mineralization in soil,and uptake by plants

Abstract

¹⁴C‐carbaryl and ¹⁴C‐1‐naphthol form soil bound residues which get partially released when barley was grown. ¹⁴C‐residues could be detected in both shoot and root in the case of carbaryl treatment while only roots showed ¹⁴C‐residues in the case of 1‐naphthol. Flooding enhanced release of the bound residues while soil amendment did not. There was greater mineralization of bound residues of carbaryl than that of 1‐naphthol. Rice straw amendment enhanced mineralization.