微藻及其分泌物对溶解性有机磷矿化的促进效应

为较好认识水生态环境中溶解性有机磷(DOP)的矿化过程及其影响因素,本实验选取典型的DOP类型(腺苷-5'-三磷酸二钠盐(ATP)、β-甘油磷酸钠(βP)和D-葡萄糖-6-磷酸二钠盐(GP))、温度(4,15,25℃)、铜绿微囊藻及其分泌物占比(M. a & EPS)(0%、50%、90%)、砷酸盐(As(V))浓度(0,10,100μg/L)4种环境因素,通过L₉(3⁴)正交试验探究影响DOP矿化过程的主要影响因素、水平及矿化过程中的环境变化.结果表明: M. a & EPS作为主要影响因素可显著促进DOP的初期(前2d)矿化,之后被温度取代,温度升高有利于DOP的矿化.典型DOP矿化过程中藻细胞增殖对最佳温度下(25℃)DOP的矿化起促进作用,并使得βP与ATP环境下的pH值和氧化还原电位(ORP)产生较大波动.含As(V)环境中DOP矿化伴随着As(V)形态的转化,GP和ATP环境中均有明显的三价砷(As(III))产生,使得砷的生态风险增强,而温度与M. a & EPS占比增高可促进βP环境中As(V)的甲基化.单独DOP矿化可导致环境中以类蛋白质组分为主的溶解性有机质(DOM)含量显著升高,而存在M. a & EPS时则以可溶性微生物产物类DOM为主.研究结果对认识水体中不同DOP的矿化过程及其可能导致的水华爆发和水环境变化所带来的生态风险的科学管控具有重要意义.     

微生物诱导碳酸盐沉积介导的Cd2+固定

实验室条件下,研究了碳酸盐矿化菌施氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonas stutzeri）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）和巴氏芽孢杆菌（Bacillus pasteurii）的生长对Cd²⁺的耐受性和固定效果,以及羟基磷灰石对3种菌固定Cd²⁺的影响,通过扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱（EDS）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线衍射（XRD）对碳酸盐矿化菌的诱导矿化产物进行了表征.结果表明,3种菌生长过程中B.pasteurii的脲酶活性最强,是P.stutzeri和B.subtilis脲酶活性的10倍左右,且P.stutzeri,B.subtilis,B.pasteurii产CO₃^2-的最高浓度分别为588.19,661.72,1735.18mg/L,培养体系中pH值均呈现升高的趋势,最高pH值分别为8.23,9.06,9.52;Cd²⁺浓度在0~10mg/L范围内对P.stutzeri的生长影响较小,而当Cd²⁺浓度高于1mg/L时则会抑制B.subtilis和B.pasteurii的生长.初始Cd²⁺浓度为0.5mg/L时,培养120h,P.stutzeri,B.subtilis和B.pasteurii对Cd²⁺的固定去除率分别为96.37%,99.40%,97.57%;加入羟基磷灰石能够提高碳酸盐矿化菌对Cd²⁺的去除率.SEM和EDS结果显示,P.stutzeri和B.subtilis诱导形成的矿化产物多聚集在菌体周围或附着在菌体表面,呈球状或网状结构,表面疏松多孔,B.pasteurii的矿化产物附着在菌体表面,结构致密,呈不规则的球状;FTIR分析表明矿化产物中存在CO₃^2-,结合XRD结果,证实3种菌诱导沉淀矿化产物主要是CaCO₃,而Cd²⁺与Ca²⁺会以同晶置换的方式形成CdCO₃晶体,B.pasteurii在诱导矿化的过程中可将Cd²⁺以Ca_0.67Cd_0.33CO₃共沉淀的方式固定.     

黄土丘陵区人工刺槐林土壤有机碳矿化特征及其与有机碳组分的关系

为了探讨黄土丘陵区人工林有机碳矿化特征及有机碳组分变化规律,选择恢复13 a的人工刺槐林以及临近坡耕地为研究对象,开展3种不同温度处理(15、25和35℃)下的室内培养实验.结果表明,土壤有机碳矿化速率表现出先剧烈下降后平稳的趋势;有机碳累计释放量表现为培养初期增加迅速,后期逐渐缓慢;坡耕地土壤有机碳矿化对温度的变化更为敏感,其温度敏感性系数Q₁₀为1.52,而刺槐林地仅为1.38.通过单库一级动力学方程拟合可知刺槐林地和坡耕地土壤矿化潜力C_p分别在2.02～4.32g·kg^-1和1.25～3.17g·kg^-1之间,即刺槐林的矿化潜力更高.培养期内各种活性有机碳组分含量变化规律一致,均表现为随时间延长而下降,且刺槐林地大于坡耕地,土壤累计碳释放量与MBC和DOC含量均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),Q₁₀(15～25℃)与SOC、 EOC含量和SWC均呈线性关系(P<0.05).研究结果可为气候变化下黄土丘陵区土壤碳固存研究提供一定参考.     

不同耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化特征研究

为探讨长期定位试验田不同耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化特征,采用室内恒温通气培养法,保持土壤田间持水量在65％条件下,测定不同耕作方式下表层土壤（0～20cm）在不同温度下的NH4^＋和NO3^-含量,并计算氮素矿化量和硝化率。结果表明,随着温度的升高,土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用均增强,几种耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用均表现为35℃〉30℃〉25℃。保护性耕作与水旱轮作和常规平作之间的矿化量存在显著的差异,垄作免耕〉厢作免耕〉水旱轮作〉常规平作。土壤氮素最终硝化率达到了60％～80％,表现为常规平作最高,水旱轮作次之,厢作免耕最低。矿化率与土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷对数均成显著正相关,相关系数分别为r^2=0．99,r^2=0．97,r^2=0．96,pH是影响硝化作用的重要因素,硝化率与土壤pH成显著正相关,r^2=0．991。     

冻融对长白山森林土壤碳氮矿化的影响

长白山地区秋末春初常常存在冻融过程,冻融过程影响土壤水分分布而改变土壤理化性质。通过室内模拟实验,研究了冻融过程（-20~15℃）对长白山阔叶红松（Pinus koraiensis）林和白桦（Betula platyphylla）林土壤有机碳和氮矿化过程的影响。结果表明,经过3次冻融循环,冻融处理土壤矿化速率显著高于对照处理,但经过多次冻融循环过程,冻融处理抑制土壤有机碳矿化过程,对照处理土壤有机碳矿化速率高于冻融处理（P=0.019）。在培养结束后,冻融处理的阔叶红松林和白桦林土壤无机氮质量分数,分别是对照处理的1.88倍和1.96倍;冻融次数也是影响土壤有机氮矿化的一个重要因素,35次冻融循环后,阔叶红松林和白桦林土壤中无机氮分别提高了2.10倍和2.81倍。冻融循环促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,有利于土壤中有效氮的累积,为春季植物生长提供足够的氮素,但也潜在增加了土壤中无机氮流失的风险。     

Changes in carbon fractions during composting and maturation of organic wastes

Seven mixtures from four organic residues—an aerobic sewage sludge, a city refuse, a peat residue, and a grape debris—were composted, and the changes undergone by their different carbon fractions during their composting and maturation were studied. In most cases a decrease in carbon fractions during the composting and maturation processes was observed. The extractable carbon, however, increased during maturation. Organic matter mineralization was greater in the composts with city refuse than in those with sewage sludge. The samples with peat residue showed the lowest decreases in carbon fractions. During maturation, an increase of humiclike fraction was observed, which was reflected by a decrease in the soluble carbon-precipitated carbon ratio at pH 2. Water-soluble carbon was the carbon fraction most easily degradable by microorganisms, and its amount correlated significantly with composting time in all the samples.     

Degradation and mineralization of cellulose acetate in simulated thermophilic compost environments

Residual cellulose acetate (CA) films with initial degree of substitution (DS) values of 1.7 and 2.5 (CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) were recovered from a simulated thermophilic compost exposure and characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine changes in polymer molecular weight and DS and to study microbial colonization and surface morphology, respectively. During the aerobic degradation of CA DS-1.7 and CA DS-2.5 films exposed for 7 and 18 days, respectively, the number-average molecular weight (M _n) of residual polymer decreased by 30.4% on day 5 and 20.3% on day 16, respectively. Furthermore, a decrease in the degree of substitution from 1.69 to 1.27 (4-day exposure) and from 2.51 to 2.18 (12-day exposure) was observed for the respective CA samples. In contrast, CA films (DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) which were exposed to abiotic control vessels for identical time periods showed no significant changes inM _n and DS. SEM photographs of CA (DS-1.7 and DS-2.5) film surfaces after compost exposures revealed severe erosion and corresponding microbial colonization. Similar exposure times for CA films in abiotic control vessels resulted in only minor changes in surface characteristics by SEM observations. The conversion of CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5 to CO₂ was monitored by respirometry. In these studies, powdered CA was placed in a predigested compost matrix which was maintained at 53°C and 60% moisture content throughout the incubation period. A lag phase of 10- and 25-day duration for CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5, respectively, was observed, after which the rate of degradation increased rapidly. Mineralization of exposed CA DS-1.7 and DS-2.5 powders reported as the percentage theoretical CO₂ recovered reached 72.4 and 77.6% in 24 and 60 days, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that microbial degradation of CA films exposed to aerobic thermophilic laboratory-scale compost reactors not only results in film weight loss but also causes severe film pitting and a corresponding decrease in chainM _n and degree of substitution for the residual material. Furthermore, conversions to greater than 70% of the theoretical recovered CO₂ for CA (DS 1.7 and 2.5) substrates indicate high degrees of CA mineralization.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.     

Degradation of 14C-glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in three agricultural soils

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is the most used herbicide worldwide. The degradation of 14C-labeled glyphosate was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in three di erent agricultural soils: a silt clay loam, a clay loam and a sandy loam soil. The kinetic and intensity of glyphosate degradation varied considerably over time within the same soil and among di erent types of soil. Our results demonstrated that the mineralization rate of glyphosate was high at the beginning of incubation and then decreased with time until the end of the experiment. The same kinetic was observed for the water extractable residues. The degradation of glyphosate was rapid in the soil with low adsorption capacity (clay loam soil) with a short half-life of 4 days. However, the persistence of glyphosate in high adsorption capacity soils increased, with half-live of 19 days for silt clay loam soil and 14.5 days for sandy loam soil. HPLC analyses showed that the main metabolite of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was detected after three days of incubation in the extracts of all three soils. Our results suggested that the possibility of contamination of groundwater by glyphosate was high on a long-term period in soils with high adsorption capacity and low degrading activities and/or acid similar to sandy loam soil. This risk might be faster but less sustainable in soil with low adsorption capacity and high degrading activity like the clay loam soil. However, the release of non-extractable residues may increase the risk of contamination of groundwater regardless of the type of soil.     

UV/H2Ｏ2/微曝气联用工艺矿化内分泌干扰物BPA试验研究

采用UV/H₂Ｏ₂/微曝气工艺对水中内分泌干扰物双酚A(BPA)的降解与矿化进行了试验研究.该工艺是在UV/H₂Ｏ₂的基础上发展起来的一种新工艺,微曝气在UV光照射下产生了一定量的O₃,提高了·OH的发生率.本试验研究了UV光强、H₂Ｏ₂投加量以及pH值对BPA矿化速率的影响.结果表明,随着UV光强的增大,BPA的矿化速率呈线性增加;当H₂Ｏ₂投加量由5 mg/L增大到20 mg/L时,BPA矿化速率常数k由0.003 2上升到0.025 0;当pH为6.68时,在相同条件下BPA的矿化效果最好.在同一工况条件下,UV/H₂Ｏ₂/微曝气工艺降解BPA的速率远远大于其矿化速率,分析得出在开始反应阶段BPA首先被降解为小分子有机物,随着反应的进一步进行小分子有机物逐步被矿化为无机物.     

Photochemistry of insecticide imidacloprid: direct and sensitized photolysis in aqueous medium

The direct and sensitized photodegradations of imidacloprid, 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridinylmethyl)-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine, were investigated in aqueous solution and with and without various photo-sensitizers. Results of the study revealed that the intensity of lamp-house and irradiation wavelength had significant effects on the photolysis of imidacloprid. Complete degradation of 20 mg/L imidacloprid in aqueous phase was observed in 40 min under ultraviolet(UV) irradiation system, suggesting the ultraviolet ray played significant role in direct photolysis of imidacloprid. The additions of various photo-sensitizers lead to improve the degradation efficiency of imidacloprid under the irradiation of black light fluorescent lamp. TiO2 was the most efficient in the photo-catalytic degradation of imidacloprid among other photo-sensitizers in used this study. However, addition of acetone inhibited the photolysis of imidacloprid under the irradiation of UV, indicating the occurrence of competition between acetone and imidacloprid for photos. Mineralization of the imidacloprid was examined to clarify the final photochemical degradation products of the insecticide which were CO2, CI^- and NO3^-. Complete photo-oxidation of nitrogen to NO3^- occurred very slowlyvia the intermediate formation of NH4^ and NO2^- .