外源物质添加对东北黑土氨基酸矿化的影响

采用间歇淋洗好气培养法研究了东北黑土中氨基酸的矿化过程以及添加葡萄糖和葡萄糖与氮肥配施对其质量分数的影响。结果表明：土壤中氨基酸质量分数的变化受到外源物质添加的影响。与对照处理相比,葡萄糖以及葡萄糖与氮肥配施均能促进土壤氨基酸质量分数的积累,并且2种外源物质对氨基酸质量分数的影响相差不多。土壤不同种类的氨基酸具有不同的矿化特征,其中异亮氨酸的矿化速率最快,其次是赖氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸和亮氨酸,而精氨酸、甘氨酸和酪氨酸矿化速率较低。此外,土壤中每种氨基酸矿化对总氨基酸矿化的贡献与其在土壤中的质量分数有关,一般来说,氨基酸质量分数高则其矿化的贡献也大。     

五大连池水溶性有机磷矿化特性的研究

通过2010年10月对五大连池采集水样,开展了水溶性有机磷(DOP)矿化速率的室内模拟实验,通过连续取样,分析了溶解性反应磷(DRP)、水溶性有机磷(DOP)、微生物数量等指标.结果表明,在矿化过程中,五大连池3个点位(W3SB:三池上游;W3XB:三池下游;W5B:五池)中,W3SB与W5B的DRP质量浓度比较接近,明显高于W3XB;DRP质量浓度均呈现出上升趋势,上升幅度由大到小依次为W5B、W3XB、W3SB,上升倍数分别为50.00、29.00和2.50倍.DOP质量浓度均呈现出一致的下降趋势,下降幅度由大到小依次为W3XB、W5B、W3SB,分别下降了85.58%、77.83%和68.00%.DOP矿化速率均表现出下降趋势,W5B的矿化速率明显高于W3SB、W3XB这2个点位,其最大矿化速率为14.10×10-4mg.(L.d)-1.微生物数量总体表现上升趋势,微生物数量与DRP质量浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.528,P<0.05),与DOP质量浓度呈显著负相关(r=-0.482,P<0.05).     

潜流人工湿地演变对废水中有机物、氮及磷去除的影响

众多研究表明,潜流人工湿地对污水的处理效果明显高于自由表面流型湿地,但实验研究表明潜流人工湿地因堵塞而逐渐演变为自由表面流人工湿地后,其对有机物(COD、TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果优于具有相同填料及植物的潜流人工湿地.通过实验室培养实验,以考察人工湿地演变对有机物的矿化、硝化/反硝化作用、氮及磷去除的影响.结果表明,与潜流人工湿地相比,演变后的自由表面流人工湿地对有机物的矿化率(以TOC表示)为1.82 mg·h-1,高于潜流湿地的1.49 mg·h-1;对NO3-去除率为96.8%,高于潜流湿地的58.1%;非生物脱硝去除率为40%,高于潜流湿地的28.2%;演变后对磷的吸附量(以P计)为160 mg·kg-1,高于潜流湿地的140 mg·kg-1,对磷的去除主要为填料吸附,有机物的覆盖有利于磷去除;但演变后的自由表面流人工湿地的硝化作用能力低于潜流湿地.因此,人工湿地演变对其效能有重要影响.     

黄土丘陵区刺槐林深层土壤有机碳矿化特征初探

土壤剖面100 cm以下的深层土壤有机碳储量在土壤碳储量中占有很大比例,研究深层土壤有机碳矿化特征以揭示其稳定性,可为深层土壤碳汇认证提供依据.本文以浅层土壤(0～100 cm)为对照,模拟深层土壤温度和水分条件(温度15℃、土壤含水量8%),研究了黄土丘陵区刺槐林深层土壤(100～400 cm)有机碳矿化特征.结果表明:①土壤有机碳总矿化量随着土壤深度增加呈下降趋势,亚深层(100～200 cm)、深层(200～400 cm)有机碳总矿化量分别占浅层(0～100 cm)土壤总矿化量的88.1%和67.8%;②亚深层、深层与浅层土壤有机碳矿化过程相似,分为3个阶段.快速分解阶段:亚深层、深层(0～10 d)的矿化量占总矿化量的比值约为浅层(0～17 d)的50%;缓慢分解阶段:亚深层、深层(11～45 d)的矿化量占总矿化量的比值约为浅层(18～45 d)的150%;相对稳定阶段:3个层次(46～62 d)矿化量占总矿化量的比值无明显差异.③浅层、亚深层、深层土壤有机碳矿化率差异不显著(P>0.05),有机碳稳定性基本一致.研究结果反映了深层土壤有机碳也参与土壤碳循环,在评估黄土丘陵区土壤固碳效应时应充分考虑深层土壤有机碳的变化.     

北武夷梨子坑火山盆地流纹斑岩与铅锌矿的成因关系

梨子坑火山盆地位于北武夷中生代月凤山—梨子坑火山岩带东段,已知铅锌(铜、银)矿体或矿化呈细脉-浸染型、脉状,产于流纹斑岩脉的内外接触带及其外侧围岩中,发育钾化、绿泥石化、硅化、绿帘石化等围岩蚀变。地球化学特征显示流纹斑岩为钙碱性系列,岩石具有高SiO2、富碱、高K2O、高钙铁、低镁、K2O/Na2O值偏高的特点,为强过铝质岩石。w(ΣREE)值为76.28×10-6～222.54×10-6,ω(ΣLREE/ΣHREE)比值较大,为4.08～12.30,属于轻稀土元素富集型。成矿流纹斑岩形成于137±2.1Ma(SHRIMP锆石U-Pb法)～138.8±1.4Ma(LA-MC-ICPMS锆石U-Pb法),属早白垩世。铅锌矿属于次火山斑岩脉型铅锌(银铜)成矿系列,划分为次火山斑岩脉型和次火山热液破碎带型两种矿床成因类型。     

In-field variation in 2,4-D mineralization in relation to sorption and soil microbial communities

This study was undertaken to assess 2,4-D mineralization in an undulating cultivated field, along a sloping transect (458 m to 442 m above sea level), as a function of soil type, soil microbial communities and the sorption of 2,4-D to soil. The 2,4-D soil sorption coefficient (Kd) ranged from 1.81 to 4.28 L kg^?1, the 2,4-D first-order mineralization rate constant (k) ranged from 0.04 to 0.13 day^?1 and the total amount of 2,4-D mineralized at 130 days (M₁₃₀) ranged from 24 to 39%. Both k and M₁₃₀ were significantly negatively associated (or correlated) with soil organic carbon content (SOC) and Kd. Both k and M₁₃₀ were significantly associated with two fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME), i17:1 and a18, but not with twenty-two other individual FAME. Imperfectly drained soils (Gleyed Dark Grey Chernozems) in lower-slopes showed significantly lesser 2,4-D mineralization relative to well-drained soils (Orthic Dark Grey Chernozems) in mid- and upper-slopes. Well-drained soils had a greater potential for 2,4-D mineralization because of greater abundance and diversity of the microbial community in these soils. However, the reduced 2,4-D mineralization in imperfectly drained soils was predominantly because of their greater SOC and increased 2,4-D sorption, limiting the bioavailability of 2,4-D for degradation. The wide range of 2,4-D sorption and mineralization in this undulating cultivated field is comparable in magnitude and extent to the variability of 2,4-D sorption and mineralization observed at a regional scale in Manitoba. As such, in-field variations in SOC and the abundance and diversity of microbial communities are determining factors that require greater attention in assessing the risk of movement of 2,4-D by runoff, eroded soil and leaching.     

Mineralization of p-nitrophenol by a new isolate Arthrobacter sp. Y1

Arthrobacter sp. Y1, capable of metabolizing p-nitrophenol (PNP) as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source was isolated from activated sludge. The bacterium could tolerate concentrations of PNP up to 600 mg L^{? 1}, and degradation of PNP was achieved within 120 h of incubation. PNP and its metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The metabolite formed indicated that the organism followed the 4-nitrocathechol (4-NC) pathway for metabolism of this compound. The relevant degrading-enzyme was extracellular. Addition of other carbon source (glucose 0～ 30 g L^{? 1}) led to accelerated degradation. If the glucose concentration exceeded 30 g L^{? 1}, however, degradation was repressed. Spectrophotometry assay of the nitrite and genotoxic study showed that strain Y1 could detoxify PNP. Therefore, the present study may provide a basis for the development of the bioremediation strategies to remedy the pollutants in the environment.     

Biodegradation of acrylic acid polymers and oligomers by mixed microbial communities in activated sludge

The biodegradability (mineralization to carbon dioxide) of acrylic acid oligomers and polymers was studied in activated sludge obtained from continuous-flow activated sludge (CAS) systems exposed to mixtures of low molecular weight (Mw < 8000) poly(acrylic acid)s and other watesoluble polymers [poly(ethylene glycol)s] in influent wastewater. Dilute preparations of activated sludge from the CAS units were tested for their ability to mineralize acrylic acid monomer and dimer, as well as a series of model acrylic acid oligomers and polymers (Mw 500, 700, 1000, 2000, and 4500), as sole carbon and energy sources. Complete mineralization of acrylic acid monomer and dimer was observed in low-biomass sludge preparations previously exposed to the polymer mixture, based on carbon dioxide production and residual dissolved organic carbon analyses. Extensive (though incomplete) degradation was also observed for the low molecular weight acrylic acid oligomers (Mw 500 and 700), but degradation dropped off sharply for the 1000, 2000, and 4500 Mw polymers. Radiochemical (¹⁴C) data also confirmed the low degradation potential of the 1000, 2000, and 4500 Mw materials. Degradation of two commercial poly(ethylene glycol)s at 1000 and 3400 Mw was complete and comparable to that of the acrylic acid monomer and dimer. Our results indicate that mixed populations of activated sludge microorganisms can extensively metabolize acrylic acid oligomers of seven units or less. Complete mineralization, however, could be confirmed only for the monomer and dimer material, and carbon mass balance data suggested that the true molecular weight cutoff for complete biodegradation was significantly less than the 500–700 Mw range tested.     

西南喀斯特区植被恢复对土壤氮素转化通路的影响

氮素是生态系统重要的限制性养分元素之一.研究氮素转化特征对于了解生态系统功能具有重要意义.然而,目前对喀斯特地区氮素转化特征的认识十分有限.同时,喀斯特地区正开展一系列的生态恢复工程措施,生态恢复将对土壤氮素转化过程产生何种影响尚不清楚.为此,本研究在广西环江县喀斯特区域选取3种典型的植被恢复阶段(草地、灌丛、次生林),以农田为参照,采集0~10 cm深度的土壤样品,测定了土壤净氨化速率(净氨化率、真菌氨化和细菌氨化)、净氮矿化速率(净氮矿化、真菌矿化和细菌矿化)、净硝化速率(净硝化、自养硝化、异养硝化、真菌硝化、细菌硝化)及相关土壤理化指标,研究喀斯特区植被恢复对土壤氮素转化速率的影响.结果表明,总体上喀斯特生态系统硝化速率很高,土壤无机氮主要以硝态氮形式为主,其中自养硝化和异养硝化分别占净硝化速率的80%和20%.添加真菌和细菌抑制剂后,氨化速率增加,而硝化速率下降.另外,随着植被的恢复,土壤氮矿化和硝化速率逐渐增加,而氨化速率逐渐下降.其原因与不同植被恢复阶段的土壤有机碳、总氮、硝态氮、微生物量及氮获取酶的活性有密切关系.这些发现为认识喀斯特生态系统氮素循环特征提供了关键的信息.     

不同热解温度的生物炭在土壤中的矿化作用研究

为探究不同热解温度的生物炭不同组分(易降解和相对难降解碳)对其在土壤中矿化作用的影响及机理,将生物质甘蔗渣和在300、500、800℃下热解生成的生物炭(分别表示为BC300、BC500、BC800)通过水洗法剥离出碳骨架部分,然后加入含有定量土壤菌悬液的石英砂中,设置了50 d的控温培养实验并测定培养过程中不同处理样品的矿化速率.结果表明,随着热解温度从300℃升高至800℃,生物炭的易降解碳含量降低,平均停留时间从2 d增加到38 d,相对难降解碳平均停留时间从14年增加到700多年.环境温度为25℃时,碳骨架中由于缺少微生物可利用的溶解性有机碳,所以在土壤中稳定性强.环境温度升高至35℃时,温度升高提高了微生物活性,增加了碳骨架的微生物可利用部分.800℃热解生成的生物炭(BC800)及其碳骨架(W800)的累积矿化量比空白低,且即使温度升高,W800的相对难降解碳含量仍然保持最高,表明高温生物炭具有更好的固碳效果.