温度和氮素输入对青藏高原三种高寒草地土壤碳矿化的影响

选取了海北高寒草甸、那曲高寒草原和当雄高寒湿地3种典型高寒草地生态系统类型为研究对象,采集了表层0~10 cm土壤,在实验室内进行可控温度下的碳矿化培养实验。结果表明,青藏高原土壤碳矿化在不同高寒草地类型间存在显著差异（P≤0.05）。在较低的温度下,高寒湿地土壤的碳矿化速率显著低于高寒草甸土壤,而温度在15℃左右时,高寒湿地土的碳矿化速率略高于高寒草甸土壤,当温度处于较高的水平时（〉20℃）,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化速率远高于高寒草甸土壤,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的Q10显著大于高寒草甸。无论是低温还是较高的温度,高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率最低,数值范围也最窄。高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化均受温度的显著影响（P≤0.05）,其速率均跟温度呈现一级指数函数方程关系,而高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率与温度间未呈现明显的函数关系,但不同温度间的土壤碳矿化速率存在显著差异。氮素输入对高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的影响不明显,但显著促进了高寒草原土壤碳矿化作用。     

外加氮源对滇池沉积物氮矿化影响的研究

采用连续培养法,在淹水条件下研究了添加外源氮对滇池沉积物氮矿化过程的影响.结果表明,在本研究条件下,添加水生植物残体或无机氮,均未改变沉积物氮矿化的总体趋势,表现为培养前期矿化量迅速升高并达到峰值,之后逐渐下降.各处理累积氮矿化量最大值为722.34~625.67mg/kg,约占总氮的10.5%~20.3%,与土壤相比,具有较大的矿化潜能.外加水生植物(孤尾藻,芦苇)残体的处理约在21d达到累积氮矿化量的峰值,比原沉积物分别增加了15.9%和9.3%.外加水生植物(孤尾藻,芦苇)残体和无机氮的处理比仅添加水生植物残体的处理累积氮矿化量达到峰值的时间晚一周,其最大累积氮矿化量分别减少了7.5%,9.8%和8.3%.运用Two–pool模型对试验结果进行了非线性回归拟合,通过参数和实际应用可能性剖析,Two–pool模型能较为准确地描述沉积物氮矿化过程.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.     

城市污泥有机氮矿化动态及其影响因素的研究

采用好气培养间歇淋洗法研究了厌气消化脱水污泥的有机氮矿化动态．在污泥用量为３％—２４％范围内，污泥有机氮１４周矿化率可达３１％—６５％，前６周矿化相对较快，随后减慢，其矿化动态可用经典一级动力学方程来描述．污泥用量小于６％时，随污泥用量增加，有机氮矿化率明显减小；污泥用量在６％—２４％时，污泥用量对有机氮矿化率的影响较小，但温度对有机氮矿化率影响相当明显．     

Excavation and characterization of refuse in closed landfill

Refuse in landfills becomes stabilized as organic matter in refuse degrades and soluble inorganic substances dissolve during their longterm stabilization process.In this paper,this process is also referred to as mineralization process and the resultant stabilized refuse referred to as aged refuse.Aged refuse contains a wide spectrum and huge quantity of microorganisms with strong decomposition capability for refractory organic matter present in some wastewater such as leachate.In this study,aged refuse excavated from 2 to 10 years old closed landfill compartments in Shanghai Refuse Landfill is characterized in terms of particulate distribution by screening,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,biodegradable matter.The approaches for redevelopment of both land and aged refuse in the stabilized landfills are proposed.     

云南个旧锡矿床成因研究综述

从成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征及地质发展史出发,依据矿石光片鉴定及鲕状黄铁矿电子探针分析,综合分析前人提出的岩浆热液成矿和热水沉积成矿的证据,认为个旧锡多金属矿床既存在热水沉积成矿作用,又有岩浆热液成矿作用,为热水沉积-岩浆热液叠生矿床。     

Tertiary metallogenesis in the Eastern Alps: the Waldenstein hematite deposit (Austria)

The specularite deposit at Waldenstein is an epigenetic replacement/vein-type hematite mineralization with distinct alteration zones. It is situated in highly metamorphosed schists and, gneisses of the Koralm Crystalline Complex. Sericitization and chloritization are strictly bound to this alteration and occur within a few meters of the hematite veins. Radiometric dating of the sericitization and the implicity of the mineralization yield a Middle Eocene age. Petrographic evidence proves an early, relatively reduced paragenesis (magnetite, ilmenite) being partly replaced by hematite and chlorite during the main phase of ore formation. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope investigations indicate that formation temperatures were approximately 300°C during the main stage and decreased to 200°C in the latest stage of the hydrothermal event. The H-isotope compositions of chlorites and of fluid inclusions in quartz indicate the influence of seawater. This also explains the high salinities determined by fluid inclusion studies (20–30% NaCl equiv.). According to the genetic model presented in this paper the hydrothermal activity started when the deformation accompanying the uplift of the Koralm Crystalline Complex passed from a ductile to brittle regime (Middle Eocene). The brittle faults acted as channelways for rising, deep fluids, probably of metamorphic origin. Temperature differences between the different uplifting crustal segments supported fluid circulation. Precipitation of the ore occurred at shallow crustal levels where the hydraulic regime was dominated by seawater, and oxidation of the original reducing fluids took place.     

赣南W、Sn多金属成矿区划及找矿方向

赣南地区是南岭成矿区(带)中重要的W、Sn多金属矿产聚集地,已探明黑钨矿储量和产量均居世界第一。区内主要矿化元素为W、Sn、Pb、Zn、Ag、Au、Nb、Ta、Mn等。主要矿化类型为石英脉型、破碎蚀变岩型钨矿,斑岩型、层间隐爆裂隙带型锡矿,隐爆角砾岩型铜矿,形成了与燕山期岩浆活动有关的钨锡多金属成矿系列。新矿化类型是赣南中生代岩浆—火山岩区找矿的重要方向。     

中国红色粘土型金矿成矿特征

中国的红色粘土型金矿是 90年代初发现并开始研究的 ,基本上产于南方特别是西南地区。由于特殊的地质构造条件和气候、地貌条件 ,该类型金矿与国外的红土型金矿存在明显的差异 :红色粘土型金矿剖面发育差 ,红土化程度低 ;对源岩依存度高 ;铁铝含量低、硅含量高 ;矿石处在富粘土矿物阶段 ,少见三水铝石 ,一般为伊利石和高岭石共存。金在红色粘土中以微细粒分散形式存在 ,且在红色粘土剖面中由于表生淋滤作用而发生活化、迁移和再沉淀。