榆林煤炭矿区生态环境改善支付意愿分析

运用榆林煤炭矿区居民为改善当地生态环境支付意愿(WTP)的调研资料,得出每户每年平均的支出金额介于229.56-347.92元之间,由此推断出榆林煤炭矿区每年因煤炭开发而造成的生态环境破坏价值损失大约在13 822.09万-20 948.69万元之间。通过运用D-H模型和Tobit模型对调研资料分别进行分析,发现,D-H模型对被调查者支付意愿影响因素的分析明显优于Tobit模型。D-H模型的结果显示,被调查者"决定是否参与支付"与"决定支出多少金额"两个行为的影响因素不完全相同。被调查者对当地生态环境状况的满意程度对其"决定是否参与支付"呈负向影响;反映被调查者所在行政区域对其"决定是否参与支付"呈正向影响。被调查者的家庭年收入、受教育状况、年龄、职业状况、对当地生态环境状况的满意程度均对其"决定支出多少金额"具有显著的正向影响;被调查者的家庭人口数、对环境保护政策的了解程度对其"决定支出多少金额"有显著的负向影响。最后,提出了提高当地居民参与生态环境改善活动积极性的一些措施。     

基于状态Petri网的矿区生态环境脆弱度动态评价方法

采用状态Petri网模型对矿区生态环境脆弱度进行动态评价,给出了状态Petri网中累积值、加权值、不变值和虚拟值4种不同状态值的计算及表示方法,提出了基于状态Petri网的矿区生态环境脆弱度计算方法。库所的累积值用于计算采矿过程中环境指标的总变化量。加权值主要用于脆弱度的计算。具有不变值的库所在相应的变迁被激发前后状态值均保持不变。没有实际意义的虚拟值在状态Petri网中仅起到逻辑或过渡作用。网结构描述了矿区生态环境脆弱度的组成结构,网系统的运行反映了生态环境脆弱化的状态变化过程,并且将脆弱度的计算融入了状态Petri网的运行中。在案例研究中,绘制了4种修复方案下脆弱度的变化情况曲线,表明该评价方法可以对矿区生态环境脆弱度进行动态评价。状态Petri网模型能将矿区生态环境脆弱化过程,以及人工修复和自然修复过程直观形象地展现出来,为预测矿区生态环境脆弱度的变化情况及制定相应的修复方案提供参考。该模型适用于矿山长期开采对生态环境造成破坏过程的建模及计算,而且对矿山的开采过程也不需要作特别的假设限制。     

综放采空区特性与氧浓度分布关系研究

在现场束管监测实验的基础上,分析总结了综放采空区特性.根据计算流体力学原理,采用FLUENT数值模拟计算软件,针对综放采空区的不同特性,分别对采空区氧化带和窒息带的关键划分指标"氧浓度"进行数值模拟.将模拟结果与实测结果进行比较,讨论了在考虑综放采空区不同特性情况下的数值模拟结果对采空区自燃"三带",即"散热带"、"氧...     

高头窑煤矿河流下浅埋煤层综放开采安全限采研究

导水裂隙带高度是水体下安全采煤的主要依据,本文通过数值计算、相似材料模拟、规程预测和工程类比等方法,对高头窑煤矿水多湖川和大哈他土沟河下浅埋煤层开采时导水裂隙带高度进行了预测研究,结果表明：几种方法预测结果有一定的误差,综合工程类比结果,高头窑煤矿水多湖川和大哈他土沟下采煤时裂采比定为15。由于高头窑煤矿2-3煤层上覆基岩段厚度较薄,根据三下开采规程,煤层开采需要进行安全限采控制,采高h≤H/19,以达到控制导水裂隙带高度的目的,实现河下采煤的安全开采。     

临沧市矿产业开发中存在的环境问题及保护对策建议

分析了临沧市矿产资源储量、开发现状及发展趋势,找出了矿产业开发中存在的土地压力增加、地质灾害及生态环境破坏突出等环境问题,提出临沧市矿产业开发环境保护对策建议。     

我国煤炭资源势的空间分布及其应用

为了研究分析我国煤炭资源储量空间分布及其开发利用状况,借鉴物理学中场的概念和原理,提出了煤炭资源势的概念并对其进行了分类,研究了煤炭资源相对势、煤炭资源潜力势以及煤炭资源-经济势的计算方法,导出了其计算公式,借助GIS技术,实际计算了我国78个主要煤矿区的3种煤炭资源势,并以煤炭资源-经济势为例分析了我国煤炭资源势的空间分布及其特征,初步提出了煤炭资源势的一些应用方向。     

Study of Fractionation and Potential Mobility of Metal from the Guadalquivir Estuary: Changes in Mobility with Time and Influence of the Aznalcollar Mining Spill

This study analyzed the evolution of metal levels in surface sediments from the Guadalquivir estuary between 1997 and 2002 and assessed the impact of the April 1998 Aznalcollar tailings dam failure and subsequent cleanup on metal concentrations in surface sediments. We also analyzed metal distribution with time in five chemical fractions of the surface sediments: exchangable, carbonate, reducible, oxidizable, and residual. This work showed that the April 1998 Aznalcollar tailings dam failure caused a considerable increase in the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb in the surface sediments of the Guadalquivir estuary. It was also found there was a change in the distribution of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb between the chemical fractions of the sediment after the failure of the dam. There were increases in the percentages of Cd in the carbonate fraction, of Zn and Pb in the reducible fraction, and of Cu in the oxidizable fraction, whereas the percentages of these elements associated with the residual fraction decreased. In 1999, there was a decrease in the metal concentrations in the surface sediments from the Guadalquivir estuary, and by 2000 the chemical distribution and metal levels had returned to levels similar those before the dam failure.     

辽中地区矿业城市生态承载力研究

生态足迹模型是度量可持续发展的一种方法,加入经济因子以提高模型评价的准确性,为辽中地区矿业城市可持续发展提供决策依据。运用生态足迹模型计算了辽中地区矿业城市1985~2005年人均生态足迹、人均生态承载力和生态赤字,利用压力-状态-响应模型耦合生态足迹、生态承载力和经济因子得到综合生态承载力指数,评价了辽中地区矿业城市1985~2005年综合生态承载力水平。结果表明:1985~2005年,辽中地区矿业城市人均生态足迹从1.79 hm²增至3.53 hm²,增长率为97.43%;人均生态承载力从0.78 hm²增至0.81 hm²,生态赤字从-1.01 hm²增至-2.73 hm²,增加了190.17%;综合生态承载力指数先降低,2000年以后略有增加,其中综合生态承载力水平1985年很高,1990年较低,1995、2000年一般,2003、2005年较高。对比生态足迹模型得到的生态承载力和通过压力-状态-响应模型得到的综合生态承载力指数,两者的变化趋势一致,具有很强的相关性。综合生态承载力指数评价指标的丰富在一定程度上增加了评价的公正性和准确性,可以更好地反映区域可持续发展程度,为其它生态足迹研究提供了一定的借鉴。     

Strengthening artisanal mining research and policy through baseline census activities

Over the past 10–15 years, several governments have implemented an array of technology, support‐related, sustainable livelihoods (SL) and poverty‐reduction projects for artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM). In the majority of cases, however, these interventions have failed to facilitate improvements in the industry's productivity and raise the living standards of the sector's subsistence operators. This article argues that a poor understanding of the demographics of target populations has precipitated these outcomes. In order to strengthen policy and assistance in the sector, governments must determine, with greater precision, the number of people operating in ASM regions, their origins and ethnic backgrounds, ages, and educational levels. This can be achieved by carrying out basic and localized census work before promoting ambitious sector‐specific projects aimed at improving working conditions in the industry.     

EFFECT OF SURFACE MINING ON STORM FLOW AND PEAK FLOW FROM SIX SMALL BASINS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY1

ABSTRACT: Hydrologic records from six small Eastern Kentucky watersheds were analyzed to determine the effect of surface mining on storm flows and peak flows. Average storm flow volumes were not changed by surface mining, whereas average peak flows were increased 36 percent. Peak flow increases were only in the summer. Smaller peak flows are doubled; moderate ones are increased by about a third; peak flows around 100 csm seem to be largely unaffected; and the larger peak flows may have been reduced by surface mining. The maximum annual storm flows, usually in winter or spring, appeared slightly reduced. No time trend in either storm flows or peak flows could be detected in five years of postmining record. Surface mining is not a serious floodwater discharge problem.