谈地磁观测中的温度效应

地磁场各要素的绝对数值是通过基线值来确定的,而基线值又与温度相关,是一条大致随温度变化的曲线。本文选取通海、贵阳、邵阳、天水等地磁台的基线值资料,计算各分量基线值与记录室温度的相关系数,判定基线值与温度之间的相关关系,掌握在不同记录室温度条件下,温度变化对地磁基线值以及地磁观测仪器的影响程度。以供其他地磁台站新建、改造观测记录室时借鉴。     

地面气象观测资料在空气法规模型的标准化研究

以云量、风速、风向、温度3类地面气象观测数据的获取方法为研究对象,探讨如何规范地面气象观测数据在模型中的标准化应用.结合我国2008年颁布的《环境影响评价技术导则 大气环境》推荐的模型AERMOD对所需要的地面气象数据需求,并以内蒙古自治区正蓝旗上都电厂SO2实测数据为验证数据,在模型其他输入参数不变的情况下,利用试验站10min和1h地面气象数据,并分别以低云量和总云量代替蔽光云量,设置4种情景.其中,情景一使用试验站10min地面气象数据,并用低云量代替蔽光云量.与情景一相比,情景二使用总云量代替蔽光云量,情景三使用1h地面气象数据,情景四使用试验站1h地面气象数据,并用总云量代替蔽光云量.4种情景除了上述不同点,其他地面气象参数均相同.结果表明,在4种情景中,情景二、三、四的FB值均小于情景一,更靠近0.关于RHCR值,情景三和四更靠近于1,分别为1.33和1.41,表明在预测高端值时,情景三和四的效果更好.情景二的RHCR值为1.51,大于情景三,说明风相较于云对模型模拟结果影响更大.由FB值、RHCR值以及Q—Q图的综合分析得出,情景四的模拟值更接近实际监测值,其采用的地面气象数据全面符合本研究所推荐的数据标准化应用方法, 规范了模型数据标准化应用,提升了大气环境影响评价预测精度.     

Intranasal administration of tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl ether) induces neurobehavioral changes in neonatal Sprague Dawley rats

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives are now being highly concerned due to their emerging environmental occurrence and deleterious effects on non-target organisms. Considering the potential neurotoxicity of TBBPA derivatives which has been demonstrated in vitro, what could happen in vivo is worthy of being studied. Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl ether) (TBBPA-BHEE), a representative TBBPA derivative, was selected for a 21-day exposure experiment on neonatal Sprague Dawley (SD) rats through intranasal administration. The neurobehavioral, histopathological changes, and differentially expressed genes based on RNA microarray were investigated to evaluate the neurological effects of this chemical. The results indicated that TBBPA-BHEE exposure significantly compromised the motor co-ordination performance and the locomotor activities (p < 0.05). The neurobehavioral phenotype could be attributed to the obvious histopathological changes in both cerebrum and cerebellum, such as neural cell swelling, microglial activation and proliferation. A total of 911 genes were up-regulated, whereas 433 genes were down-regulated. Gene set enrichment analysis showed multiple signaling pathways, including ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and wingless-int (Wnt) signaling pathway etc. were involved due to TBBPA-BHEE exposure. The gene ontology enrichment analysis showed the basic cellular function and the neurological processes like synaptic transmission were influenced. The toxicological effects of TBBPA-BHEE observed in this study suggested the potential neuronal threaten from unintended exposure, which would be of great value in the biosafety evaluation of TBBPA derivatives.     

基于多旋翼无人机平台的大气PM2.5垂直结构观测技术

目的设计可用于大气边界层范围的大气污染观测平台。方法使用多旋翼无人机作为载体,集成多种大气污染物和气象要素的便携式检测设备,组建无人机观测平台。通过地面比对实验,保障所搭载的设备数据可靠,通过与大载荷系留气艇平台的垂直比对实验验证平台集成后的数据可靠性。结果对于重点观测指标PM_(2.5)而言,无人机和系留气艇所获取的垂直廓线表现出良好的一致性,各个航次的R2最低值为0.762,多数航次的组内相关系数为0.94以上。在2017年12月18日的案例中,无人机的观测数据表明,早上的大气垂直结构呈现了明显分层,0～200 m高度较为稳定的大气层结阻碍了污染物向上扩散,导致了近地面PM_(2.5)80μg/m~3的较高浓度,而下午的观测数据有助于解释污染消散。结论文中搭建的多旋翼无人机平台可以用于0～1000 m范围内的边界层观测,尽管个别航次数据和系留气艇平台仍存在差异,但现有观测结果已表明,该平台有助于研究人员了解污染事件的发生和消散,可以进一步推广应用。     

广州海洋观测网规划建设及观测数据应用探讨

阐述了广州海洋观测网建设的迫切性和必要性,对海洋观测网建设在海洋防灾减灾、海岸工程建设及海水养殖等方面的重要意义进行了分析说明。总结广州市海洋观测网建设现状和成果,并利用已有观测数据对2017年台风^“天鸽^”和^“帕卡^”期间广州海域水文气象特征、2015—2017年枯水期咸潮入侵特征进行了分析。研究表明, 现有观测数据对台风和咸潮活动均具有较明显的反应,且对海洋防灾减灾工作具有重要的意义;为更有效地利用已有观测数据,将观测数据价值最大化,对观测网建设及运行过程中观测工作机制及业务化流程、数据质量控制、观测站布设合理性以及数据应用分析这几个方面存在的问题进行了探讨,提出了广州海洋观测网的优化、改进措施及未来发展方向。     

石河子跨断层形变观测数字及遥测技术改造的探讨

石河子跨断层形变观测数字化、遥测技术改造，在充分利用原仪器设备的基础上，安装了一台多功能数字采集仪，两支温度传感器和车载电话（EDS），把MD4211BA型岩体变形测量仪和MD4．412B型浮子垂直变形仪更换为水平测量仪（DSG）和垂直测量仪（DFG），配备了形交观测专用的计算机，安装了地亮所研制的配套软件，真正实现了观测数字化遥测化的目标。     

Comparative Analysis of Inundation Mapping Approaches for the 2016 Flood in the Brazos River,Texas

Accurate and timely flood inundation maps serve as crucial information for hydrologists, first‐responders, and decision makers of natural disaster management agencies. In this study, two modeling approaches are applied to estimate the inundation area for a large flooding event that occurred in May 2016 in the Brazos River: (1) Height Above the Nearest Drainage combined with National Hydrograph Dataset Plus (NHDPlus‐HAND) and (2) International River Interface Cooperative — Flow and Sediment Transport with Morphological Evolution of Channels (iRIC‐FaSTMECH). The inundation extents simulated from these two modeling approaches are then compared against the observed inundation extents derived from a Landsat 8 satellite image. The simulated results from NHDPlus‐HAND and iRIC‐FaSTMECH show 56% and 70% of overlaps with the observed flood extents, respectively. A modified version of the NHDPlus‐HAND model, considering networked catchment behaviors, is also tested with an improved fitness of 67%. This study suggests that NHDPlus‐HAND has the potential for real‐time continental inundation forecast due to its low computational cost and ease to couple with the National Water Model. Better performance of NHDPlus‐HAND can be achieved by considering the inter‐catchment flows during extreme riverine flood events. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive examination made of remote sensing compared with HAND‐based inundation mapping in a region of complex topography.     

OBSERVATION WELL NETWORK DESIGN FOR PUMPING TESTS IN UNCONFINED AQUIFERS1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a method for determining locations of observation wells to be used in conducting pumping tests in unconfined aquifers. Sensitivity coefficients, the distribution of relative errors, and the correlation coefficients between four aquifer parameters (horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities K_r and K_z, storage coefficient S, and specific yield S_y) are used as the criteria for the design of observation well networks and the interpretation of pumping tests. The contours of the relative errors over a vertical profile are very useful in selecting the “best” location of an observation well. Results from theoretical analyses suggest that a wide range of locations is suitable for the determination of K_r and that good locations for the determination of K_z and S may be poorly suited for the determination of S_y. Consideration must be given to the position and lengths of the pumping well screen in the selection of observation well locations. For a given location, the quality of test data can be improved by using high pumping rates and frequent sampling of drawdowns. We found that a minimum of two and preferably three observation locations are needed along a given transect. Results of the four parameters from a single well analysis may contain higher uncertainties. However, composite analyses of multiple observation wells can reduce the correlation between the four aquifer parameters, particularly between K_r and S_y, thus, improving the quality of parameter estimation. Results from two pumping tests conducted at sites located in Nebraska were examined with regard to the proposed methodology.     

泰安台形变数字与模拟资料对比研究

泰安台是“九五计划”全国第一个数字化改造台站，改造了水管仪，又增添了伸缩仪、数字水平摆、垂直摆三种仪器，数字化改造已运行了六年多。本文利用四套仪器数字与模拟资料从漂移量、潮幅因子、记录精度、年变曲线进行对比研究，得出数字仪器代替模拟仪器的可行性。     

基于不同周期PM2.5组成高时间分辨观测的PMF源解析研究

于2017年1月1日—12月31日对南京市城区大气细粒子(PM_2.5)化学组分（元素、水溶性离子和碳质组分）的小时质量浓度进行连续观测,采用正矩阵因子分析（Positive Matrix Factorization,PMF）模型分别基于全年观测数据（PMF全年）和逐月观测数据（PMF月份）进行源解析,比较不同观测周期源解析结果的差异以及对PM_2.5各组分浓度估算的准确性.结果表明：不同观测周期下,PMF源解析结果中因子类型未发生改变,但因子组成和贡献分布存在较大差异.由于PMF模型假设同一观测周期内源成分谱不发生变化,只有基于逐月观测数据的PMF源解析才能体现全年范围内因子组成和贡献分布的变化.尽管PMF全年和PMF月份的分析结果均能准确估算PM_2.5组分的月均浓度,但PMF月份结果对各组分小时浓度的估算值和观测值在时间变化上更一致.这是因为PMF模型要求对各组分浓度的平均值进行拟合,易低估（或高估）PM_2.5组分在观测周期内的极大（或极小）值.因此,基于短期（例如,月份）高分辨观测数据的PMF分析...