可靠性理论在建筑施工安全领域的应用研究

针对建筑施工安全管理体系,从系统可靠性的视角,综合运用可靠性方面的知识,构建了建筑施工安全管理系统混联模型。在此基础上,将可靠性分配理论与故障树分析方法相结合,根据系统安全目标的要求,确定混联系统的第一层次各单元事件的可靠性目标值,对构成各单元的各个下属单元采取最小工作量可靠度分配方法,以此类推,从而建立系统中各单元可靠度再分配量化模型。为便于应用,通过建筑施工过程中常见的脚手架坠落实例,详述系统各单元可靠性分配的计算过程。研究表明,可靠性理论可以成功地应用到建筑施工安全领域;使系统在给定的目标值条件下达到系统的安全性优化,从而实现建筑施工安全保障效能,减小事故损失。     

数字地震仪器的管理维护及在观测应用中的几点体会

“九五”期间 ,我国建立了数字地震观测台网。在模拟地震观测向数字地震观测的转变中 ,从仪器的管理维护到地震的观测分析有许多地方需要不断地改进与完善。我台用数字地震仪观测一年多来 ,积累了一定经验 ,摸索了一些排除故障解决问题的方法。总结于此 ,以便于借鉴。     

抓住机遇,建设新世纪专群结合的地震监测预报系统

建设专家为主、专群结合的地震监测预报体系是当前防震减灾的重点工作之一。通过回顾浙江省“九五”期间建设地震监测系统的实践 ,认为在当前科技水平和管理体制下 ,专群结合是建设好现代化地震监测预报系统的重要保证。省局必须正确处理好省级以下地震部门工作中的几个问题 ,发挥专业队伍在监测预报体系中的主导作用 ,才能做好新时期的地震监测预报工作。     

Multi-objective optimization of air quality monitoring

A new method for multi-objective optimization of air quality monitoring systems based on satellite remote sensing of the troposphere is described in this work. The technique uses atmospheric turbidity as surrogate for air pollution loading. Through inverse chemical modeling and ancillary information the respective patterns of primary gaseous and particle pollutants are inferred. The optimization algorithm uses the resulting maps of ambient air pollution as input. It focuses on the gain of information with regard to human exposure to high pollution, potential impact on cultural heritage, compliance to ambient air quality standards, monitoring key point and area source emissions, as well as on the associated cost. Application of the method in Brescia, Italy showed its significant potential for improving the cost-effectiveness of air quality monitoring networks at the urban and regional scales.     

南京青奥会空气质量保障联合观测分析研究

2014年8月,为做好南京青奥会空气质量保障工作,江苏省环境监测中心联合中科院大气物理所、南京大学等36家单位,开展了为期一个月的空气质量保障联合观测,共获取监测数据5万多个,巡航观测里程超9 000 km,编制预报及分析报告87份,空气质量预报准确率达80%。结果表明,强力管控措施的实施,对缓解空气污染效果显著;通过联合团队观测方式,集中了产、学、研、用的技术优势和科研力量,带动了全省空气质量监测与分析能力的整体提升,为青奥会空气质量保障工作提供了强有力的技术支撑。     

Exposure to fall hazards and safety climate in the aircraft maintenance industry

PROBLEM: Falls represent a significant occupational hazard, particularly in industries with dynamic work environments. This paper describes rates of noncompliance with fall hazard prevention requirements, perceived safety climate and worker knowledge and beliefs, and the association between fall exposure and safety climate measures in commercial aircraft maintenance activities. METHODS: Walkthrough observations were conducted on aircraft mechanics at two participating facilities (Sites A and B) to ascertain the degree of noncompliance. Mechanics at each site completed questionnaires concerning fall hazard knowledge, personal safety beliefs, and safety climate. Questionnaire results were summarized into safety climate and belief scores by workgroup and site. Noncompliance rates observed during walkthroughs were compared to the climate-belief scores, and were expected to be inversely associated. RESULTS: Important differences were seen in fall safety performance between the sites. The study provided a characterization of aircraft maintenance fall hazards, and also demonstrated the effectiveness of an objective hazard assessment methodology. Noncompliance varied by height, equipment used, location of work on the aircraft, shift, and by safety system. DISCUSSION: Although the expected relationship between safety climate and noncompliance was seen for site-average climate scores, workgroups with higher safety climate scores had greater observed noncompliance within Site A. Overall, use of engineered safety systems had a significant impact on working safely, while safety beliefs and climate also contributed, though inconsistently. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The results of this study indicate that safety systems are very important in reducing noncompliance with fall protection requirements in aircraft maintenance facilities. Site-level fall safety compliance was found to be related to safety climate, although an unexpected relationship between compliance and safety climate was seen at the workgroup level within site. Finally, observed fall safety compliance was found to differ from self-reported compliance.     

小集水区酸化过程观测研究

在贵阳市近郊一封闭的小集水区设置了环境酸化过程试验场.本文介绍了试验场中观测点的布置、各项观测的方法和要求、经过长时间的观测和试验,取得了从酸沉降开始,穿过树冠,渗入土壤,最后进入地面水的全过程中各个环节化学行为和互相影响的可靠数据,由此得知贵州省酸性黄壤对酸化的缓冲能力不强,即容易发生酸化,并且有毒铝离子容易释放等重要信息.     

某型飞机压力加油控制盒电磁兼容设计

介绍了某型飞机压力加油控制盒,阐述了该型飞机压力加油控制盒采用滤波技术对电磁兼容优化设计的方法和原理,并对原始设计和优化设计的控制盒电源线传导发射（CE102）的试验结果进行了分析比较。     

由微振动记录用剥层法研究浅层S波速度结构

根据江苏华电句容发电一期2×1000 MW发电机组场地情况,布设了三角形嵌套和同心圆台阵进行微振动观测,采用空间自相关法计算频散曲线,并用剥层法反演得到该工程场地浅部的S波速度结构。反演结果与钻孔探测结果吻合较好,表明用微振动台阵记录反演浅部地壳S波速度结构在工程上是可行的。该方法具有不需要人工源,对避开噪声要求不苛刻、成本低且精度可满足工程要求等优点,故有良好的应用前景。     

EFFECT OF SEMI‐PERCHED GROUND WATER ON MONITORING OF GROUND WATER LEVELS IN A DEVELOPED AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: Interpretation of ground water level changes in a developed aquifer usually relies on reference to some benchmark such as “predevelopment” ground water levels, changes from fall to fall and/or spring to spring, or to determination of maximum stress during the pumping season. The assumption is that ground water levels measured in the monitoring well accurately reflect the state of the ground water resource in terms of quantity in storage and the effects of local pumping. This assumption is questionable based on the patterns shown in continuous hydrographs of water levels in monitoring wells in Nebraska, and wells installed to determine vertical gradients. These hydrographs show clear evidence for vertical ground water gradients and recharge from overlying parts of the aquifer system to deeper zones in which production wells are screened. The classical concept of semi‐perched ground water, as described by Meinzer, is demonstrated by these hydrographs. The presence of semi‐perched ground water (Meinzer definition, there is no intervening unsaturated zone) invalidates the use of measured ground water levels in regional observation programs for detailed numerical management of the resource. Failure to recognize the Meinzer effect has led to faulty management. The best use of data from the observation well network would be for detection of trends and education unless it is clearly understood what is being measured.