植物修复土壤重金属污染中外源物质的影响机制和应用研究进展

重金属进入土壤后难以被降解,并通过食物链在生物体内富集,长此以往会导致中毒、癌症、畸形、突变,严重影响了人类生产活动及地球生态系统的稳定。植物修复技术是一种经济有效的重金属污染修复技术,其依靠超富集植物强大的自身抗性机制,从土壤中提取或稳定重金属,达到污染治理的目的。然而修复土壤重金属污染的超富集植物通常生长缓慢、生物量低,其抗性机制也会受到植物本身对重金属胁迫的阈值限制,当胁迫超过这个阈值,植物修复的效率就会大大降低甚至失去修复功能。文章在解析植物重金属相互作用机制的基础上,综述了添加外源物质对重金属毒害植物的缓解效应以及其在强化植物修复土壤重金属污染中的应用研究进展;介绍了应用外源物质调控植物吸收转运重金属的3种途径,分别为提高土壤重金属生物利用度、促进植物生长以及增强植物耐性。提出了应用外源物质作为强化植物修复措施的潜力及今后的研究方向,其未来的研究应着重于以下方面:明确外源物质的应用浓度、时期、方式与植物吸收转运重金属之间的关系;从植物内源激素及信号分子间的互作、抗逆基因表达、内生及根际微生物等不同层面上揭示外源物质对植物积累重金属的调控机理;开展外源物质与其他植物修复强化技术的联合应用研究。这些研究可为土壤重金属污染的植物修复技术及其强化措施研究提供科学依据,同时也对植物修复工程技术的发展实践具有一定的指导意义。     

黄河流域农业生产活性氮排放的时空特征研究

黄河流域是我国的粮食主产区,流域生态保护和高质量发展是当前生态文明建设的核心内容.而活性氮排放是造成水体、大气及气候变化等环境问题的重要因素,已经严重威胁到人类的健康和安全.通过排放因子法对黄河流域2000、2005、2010年农业生产活性氮（Reactive Nitrogen,Nr）排放量进行核算,探讨其时空变动特征.结果表明：①3个年份黄河流域农业生产中活性氮排放总量分别为2185.24、2474.03、2239.96 Gg,其中,N₂O排放量分别为43.95、49.96、48.63 Gg,NH₃排放量分别为615.39、715.08、680.70 Gg,进入到水体的Nr（Nr-wp）排放量分别为1522.01、1704.95、1505.82 Gg,NO_x排放量分别为3.89、4.04、4.82 Gg;②Nr-wp、NH₃、N₂O、NO_x排放占总量的比重分别为67.23%~69.65%、28.16%~30.39%、2.01%~2.17%、0.16%~0.22%;③黄河流域活性氮年平均排放量最高的省份为河南,达到579.40 Gg,其他省份由高到低依次是陕西、山西、山东、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、青海、四川,其中,四川的年均排放量最低为94.41 Gg,呈中下游省份排放大于上游省份的分布态势;活性氮排放年均增长率以内蒙古最高,达4.78%,其他省份由高到低依次为宁夏、甘肃、四川、青海、河南、陕西、山东、山西,其中,山西年均增长率最低为-2.57%,年均增长率分布与年均排放量相反,呈中下游省份低于上游省份的格局;④各省份4种形态活性氮排放量的组成与黄河流域整体相似：山西4种形态活性氮排放量均呈下降趋势,山东NH₃、N₂O和Nr-wp排放量有所下降,其他省份均呈增长趋势;Nr-wp、NH₃年均排放量最大和最小的省份均为河南、四川;N₂O、NO_x年均排放量最小的省份均为青海,年均排放量最高的省份分别为河南、山西.通过分析黄河流域农业生产中活性氮排放的时空格局,可为协调黄河流域的人地关系提供科学基础,对黄河流域制定活性氮减排策略具有重要的参考意义.     

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION UNDER THE CLEAN WATER ACT AND THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT: THE CASE OF TWO FORKS DAM1

ABSTRACT: The role of environmental mitigation in permitting decisions under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and the National Environmental Policy Act is examined, addressing the extent to which compensatory mitigation is acceptable. The role of mitigation is examined both generically and specifically: first in the requirements of the Clean Water Act and NEPA, and then in the case study of the proposed Two Forks Dam. In both cases, the paper describes dual purposes of environmental protection legislation and mitigation: to protect the biophysical environment and maintain associated human values. Mitigation is found to be sometimes necessary and acceptable as compensation for unavoidable impacts of project development. However, the Two Forks case exemplifies that compensatory mitigation has also been employed as a mechanism to facilitate project development when practicable alternatives entailing less environmental impact are available. Acceptance of compensatory mitigation in such cases violates both the Guidelines of the Clean Water Act and the intent of that Act and NEPA to protect the biophysical environment and human welfare. A recent memorandum of agreement between the Corps and the EPA clarifies this policy, and suggests that permit applications which rely on compensatory mitigation when impacts are available may be denied.     

安全社区模式及其运行机制研究

社区建设是当前我国城市发展中的一个热点课题,社区安全对实现公共安全建设有着重要的意义。安全社区的概念和理论研究源自于安全管理,对社区安全理论的研究可以为安全社区的发展提供重要的依据和思路,还可以为社区安全管理体系的建立奠定基础。笔者简要论述国内外安全社区建设的发展状况,介绍世界卫生组织安全社区的认可标准及其有关指标,并评价我国实现安全活动的两大创新理论,解释当代人的安全第一公理概念,在该基础上提出了安全社区建设的基本模式———“自组织”与“他组织”相结合的模式与安全文化教育模式,并根据区域灾害形成过程中的灾害分散与转移的概念化方式,提出构建安全社区防灾减灾的运行机制及建议与对策。     

城市防灾减灾设施的层级选址问题建模

提出了城市防灾减灾设施的层级选址问题,并对其进行了分类.针对高低级设施相对独立和相互从属的层级选址问题进行了建模.依据城市防灾减灾设施选址问题的特点,提出了两阶段的层级选址过程:(1)使用位置集合覆盖模型确定能覆盖全部需求点所必需的最少设施数量和位置,作为基本等级设施的选址;(2)对独立型层级选址问题,使用最大覆盖准则确定高级设施的位置,对从属型层级选址问题,使用极小和准则确定高级设施的位置.对层级选址问题模型的应用进行了讨论.     

Use of created cattail (Typha) wetlands in mitigation strategies

In order to balance pressures for land-use development with protection of wetland resources, artificial wetlands have been constructed in an effort to replace lost ecosystems. Despite its regulatory appeal and prominent role in current mitigation strategies, it is unclear whether or not created systems actually compensate for lost wetland resources. Mitigation predictions that rely on artificial wetlands must be analyzed critically in terms of their efficacy. Destruction of wetlands due to burial by coal fly ash at a municipal landfill in Danvers, Massachusetts, USA, provided an opportunity to compare resulting growth of created cattail (Typha) marshes with natural wetland areas. Once the appropriate cattail species was identified for growth under disturbed landfill conditions, two types of artificial wetlands were constructed. The two systems differed in their hydrologic attributes: while one had a surface water flow characteristic of most cattail wetlands, the second system mimicked soil and water conditions found in naturally occurring floating cattail marshes. Comparison of plant growth measurements for two years from the artificial systems with published values for natural cattail marshes revealed similar structure and growth patterns. Experiments are now in progress to investigate the ability of created cattail marshes to remove and accumulate heavy metals from polluted landfill leachate. Research of the type reported here must be pursued aggressively in order to document the performance of artificial wetlands in terms of plant structure and wetland functions. Such research should allow us to start to evaluate whether artificial systems actually compensate for lost wetlands by performing similar functions and providing the concomitant public benefits.     

关于土木基础设施系统的基础研究

论述了土木基础设施系统对社会经济发展和人民生活质量提高所起的重要作用,总结了国内外土木基础设施系统的现状和研究趋势,指出了针对我国基础设施建设和更新改造中的重大科学问题开展多学科交叉研究的重要意义。同时建议重点开展以下几方面的研究：１．土木基础设施系统性能检测与寿命评估技术;２．土木基础设施系统的防灾减灾研究;３．材料性能研究;４．土木基础设施系统的维修和更新改造技术开发;５．土工技术基础问题研究     

城市防震减灾的决策分析

研究城市抗震减灾的目的是为了给城市的抗震防灾工作提供相应的行为依据。这些工作依赖于不同的决策分析方法和相应的城市基础数据。本文综合了几种常见的决策方案，建立了相应的决策分析方法；分析探讨了防震减灾决策综合支持系统的特点和内容。     

DEBRIS FLOW DISASTER AND ITS MITIGATION COUNTERMEASURES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MOUNTAIN AREAS IN THE WESTERN CHINA

Debrisflowdisasterharmingcities/towns,trafficlinesandwaterconservancyisoneofthemostimportantdisastersandoneoftheprimaryfactorsofrestrictionofeconomicdevelop mentinwesternmountainareasofChina.Withtheimplementofwesterndevelopmentpro gram,mountaincities/townswillgrowrapidly.Theconflictionbetweenrapidgrowthofcities/townsinmountainareasanddeteriorationofdebrisflowwillbemoreserious,thusthere searchesonmitigationcountermeasuresarenecessaryfordevelopmentandconstructionofmountaincities/towns.Actualitya…     

江西省自然灾害链实例分析及综合减灾对策

通过对2002年江西省自然灾害进行综合实例分析,提出了大部分自然灾害是以气候变化和气象灾害为始发源头,并以灾害链形式演变发展的成灾规律,在此基础上探讨了自然灾害的成灾机制,并提出了综合防灾减灾对策.