Risk assessment in a hypothetical network pipeline in UK transporting carbon dioxide

With the advent of Carbon Capture and Storage technology (CCS) the scale and extent of its handling is set to increase. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture plants are expected to be situated near to power plants and other large industrial sources. Afterward CO₂ is to be transported to storage site using one or a combination of transport media: truck, train, ship or pipeline. Transport by pipeline is considered the preferred option for large quantities of CO₂ over long distances. The hazard connected with this kind of transportation can be considered an emerging risk and is the subject of this paper.The paper describes the Quantitative Risk Assessment of a hypothetical network pipeline located in UK, in particular the study of consequences due to a CO₂ release from pipeline.The risk analysis highlighted that some sections of pipeline network cross densely populated areas. For this reason, some changes in the original path of the network have been proposed in order to achieve a significant reduction in the societal risk.     

空间信息技术在防震减灾工作中的作用

我国是个地震多发国家，地震损失严重。在防震减灾研究中，迫切要求引进先进的科学技术手段，用高新技术推动防震减灾工作的发展。目前遥感技术、地理信息系统和全球定位系统（合称3S）得到了快速发展，以3S技术为主要框架的空间信息技术在防震减灾领域得到了广泛的应用。本文重点阐述了空间信息技术在防震减灾中的作用，并对空间信息技术在防震减灾中的应用趋势作出展望。     

国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟设计(Ⅱ)——功能设计

地震往往给人类社会带来巨大的财产损失和人员伤亡，专业化的地震紧急救援能够及时应对地震灾害，最大限度减少人民生命财产损失，是防震减灾体系不可或缺的组成部分。国家紧急救援训练基地的建立就是为了训练具有专业水平的地震紧急救援队伍和人员。针对建筑物在地震中的破坏倒塌模式，借鉴国际先进地震搜索救援经验，进行了在各种地震废墟中紧急搜索和救援的方案设计以及国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟部分的功能设计。     

现代城市抗震减灾的若干问题及其对策

针对我国城市抗震减灾工作的现状，指出了其中存在的一些主要问题，并提出了相应的建议和对策。同时，论述了当前抗震减灾工作所涉及的新形势、新概念和新内涵，阐明了做好防震减灾工作的重要性和紧迫性。     

国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟设计(II)——功能设计

地震往往给人类社会带来巨大的财产损失和人员伤亡,专业化的地震紧急救援能够及时应对地震灾害,最大限度减少人民生命财产损失,是防震减灾体系不可或缺的组成部分。国家紧急救援训练基地的建立就是为了训练具有专业水平的地震紧急救援队伍和人员。针对建筑物在地震中的破坏倒塌模式,借鉴国际先进地震搜索救援经验,进行了在各种地震废墟中紧急搜索和救援的方案设计以及国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟部分的功能设计。     

Leading indicators of safety in virtual organizations

A primary purpose in measuring safety is to develop intervention strategies to avoid future accidents. Recognizing signals before an accident occurs offers the potential for improving safety, and many organizations have sought to develop programs to identify and benefit from alerts, signals and prior indicators. In this paper, we address the challenge of identifying and evaluating leading indicators of safety in virtual organizations–organizations comprised of multiple, distributed members, temporarily linked together for competitive advantage, that share common value chains and business processes supported by distributed information technology. We begin by discussing risk propensity in virtual organizations and leading indicators of safety. We then describe a pilot study to identify leading indicators for one safety-critical system, and use the results of that study and the literature just described to propose an approach to developing leading indicators in virtual organizations.     

GIS在城市防震减灾研究中的应用综述

综述了地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）在城市防震减灾中的应用概况。地理信息系统强大的空间操作、分析、管理等功能,以及易于与其它应用模型结合的开放环境是它在城市防震减灾应用中迅速发展的动力。     

Methane Emissions from Large Dams as Renewable Energy Resources: A Developing Nation Perspective

By means of a theoretical model, bootstrap resampling and data provided by the International Commission On Large Dams (ICOLD (2003) World register of dams. http://www.icold-cigb.org) we found that global large dams might annually release about 104 ± 7.2 Tg CH₄ to the atmosphere through reservoir surfaces, turbines and spillways. Engineering technologies can be implemented to avoid these emissions, and to recover the non-emitted CH₄ for power generation. The immediate benefit of recovering non-emitted CH₄ from large dams for renewable energy production is the mitigation of anthropogenic impacts like the construction of new large dams, the actual CH₄ emissions from large dams, and the use of unsustainable fossil fuels and natural gas reserves. Under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, such technologies can be recognized as promising alternatives for human adaptations to climate change concerning sustainable power generation, particularly in developing nations owning a considerable number of large dams. In view of novel technologies to extract CH₄ from large dams, we estimate that roughly 23 ± 2.6, 2.6 ± 0.2 and 32 ± 5.1 Tg CH₄ could be used as an environmentally sound option for power generation in Brazil, China and India, respectively. For the whole world this number may increase to around 100 ± 6.9 Tg CH₄.     

Land Area Eligible for Afforestation and Reforestation within the Clean Development Mechanism: A Global Analysis of the Impact of Forest Definition

Within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol, countries have significant latitude to define a forest. The most important parameter affecting area designated as forest is the minimum crown cover which can be set between 10 and 30%. The choice will have implications for the amount of land available in a country for afforestation and reforestation activities within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM-AR). In this paper, we present an analysis of the regional differences in land availability for CDM-AR projects. We then examine how the choice of a high or low threshold value for crown cover will affect the area available for CDM activities and how the limitations imposed by this element of the definition compares to other factors that are likely to limit CDM activities. Results represent a global analysis that included all countries not included in Annex I of the Kyoto Protocol, and examined the effect on land availability of a range of crown cover thresholds ranging from 10–30%. Of the 140 Non-Annex One countries, 107 countries were found to have a potential for CDM-AR projects. Asia had the largest amount of combined area suitable for CDM-AR at the 10% crown cover threshold level. However, at 30%, South America had the greatest amount of land available, and a large change in available land area, which increased by almost five times compared to what was available at the 10% threshold. The area available in Africa increased by a factor of 5.5. Central America showed the largest increase, to almost 10 times more at the 30% threshold. By contrast, within Asia, the area increase was comparatively less, but still the area nearly doubled. Globally, a low threshold of 10% crown cover excluded almost 2/3 of the land identified that was eligible at 30%, over 5 million km². The spatial analyses showed not only the effects of the choice of the crown cover criterion, but also where the land was available for CDM activities within each country at different thresholds. Protected areas account for 10–20% of the CDM-AR eligible area in most countries.     

小城镇综合防灾减灾规划原则与策略刍议

通过对小城镇特色的研究,总结出我国小城镇在综合防灾减灾规划领域内存在有灾害种类相对较少、防灾设施无法达到门槛规模、经济条件较差、规划水平难以保证、管理依据欠缺等多方面条件的制约,因此无法套用大中型城市的综合防灾减灾规划编制模式。根据小城镇的特点,提出了应遵循合法性、合理性、完整性、可行性、公众参与等原则,运用总体策略、系统策略和动态策略来构建小城镇的综合防灾减灾规划模式。