生物法治理赤潮的研究进展

概述了生物法治理赤潮的最新研究进展,介绍了微生物、大型植物、浮游动物以及海洋滤食性贝类在赤潮治理中的应用研究,并着重阐述了利用微生物治理赤潮的研究进展。     

利用国产环境减灾卫星遥感信息估测春小麦产量——以内蒙古陈巴尔虎旗地区为例

以内蒙古春小麦产区陈巴尔虎旗为研究实例,采用遥感方法,利用分辨率30 m的国产环境减灾卫星的NDVI数据对春小麦单产进行预测。研究选取了该卫星2009年7月29日春小麦乳黄熟期的NDVI数据,同时,建立其与春小麦单产间关系,运用数理统计与回归分析方法构建了春小麦乳黄熟期的NDVI与其单产的估产模型。利用地面实测春小麦单产对估产模型估测的单产进行精度检验,结果表明,基于影像提取的NDVI与春小麦实测单产有较好的抛物线状(y=cx²+bx+a)相关关系,NDVI与春小麦实测单产的相关关系达到显著水平,其相关系数R为0.87,单产相差160 kg/hm²,相对误差为-3.89%。表明利用国产环境减灾卫星的NDVI与实测春小麦单产建立的估产模型,对成熟前春小麦的单产进行估测,其估产精度也同样可达到与利用国外卫星的预估效益。     

中国北方农牧交错带气候变化特点及未来趋势——基于观测和模拟资料的综合分析

中国北方农牧交错带是中国生态文明建设的一个重点地区。准确评估其气候变化趋势对于该区域可持续发展至关重要。本文的研究目的是在揭示1971-2015年气候变化特征的基础上,分析区域2006-2050年气候变化趋势。为此,本文综合观测和模拟数据分析了区域1971-2015年的历史气候变化以及2006-2050年的未来气候变化。研究发现：1971-2015年,中国北方农牧交错带气候变化呈暖干化趋势,年均气温的增长速率为0.39 ℃/10 a,年降水量的变化速率为-4.60 mm/10 a。2006-2050年,区域气候变化将呈暖湿化趋势,区域总体年均气温的增长速率为0.20~0.50 ℃/10 a,年降水量的变化速率为1.49~15.59 mm/10 a。同时,如果不有效控制温室气体排放,区域气候系统的不稳定性将加剧。2006-2050年,随着温室气体排放浓度的不断增加,区域增温速率从0.25 ℃/10 a增长至0.48 ℃/10 a,降水变化速率从3.97 mm/10 a增长至14.58 mm/10 a。因此,需要高度重视中国北方农牧交错带气候变化的减缓和适应问题,以促进该区域的可持续发展。     

农田土壤N2O产生的关键微生物过程及减排措施

氧化亚氮(N2O)作为一种重要的温室气体,其全球排放总量仍然在持续上升.它不仅可以产生温室效应,还可以间接破坏臭氧层,使其在全球气候变化和生态环境变化研究中备受关注.土壤生态系统是大气中N2O的最重要排放源.本文详细论述了农田土壤中反硝化作用、硝化作用、硝化微生物的反硝化作用以及硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用等过程产生N2O的微生物学机制,并从土壤理化性质(土壤pH、氮素、有机质、土壤温度和湿度)和土壤生物等方面对农田土壤N2O排放的影响进行综述,在此基础上对农田土壤N2O的减排措施进行总结,并就今后农田土壤N2O排放的研究重点和方向进行了展望,为调控农田土壤温室气体排放、氮转化过程和提高氮素利用效率提供科学依据.     

Calibrating and monitoring the western gray whale mitigation zone and estimating acoustic transmission during a 3D seismic survey, Sakhalin Island, Russia

A 3D marine seismic survey of the Odoptu license area off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, was conducted by DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG) on behalf of Exxon Neftegas Limited and the Sakhalin-1 consortium during mid-August through early September 2001. The key environmental issue identified in an environmental impact assessment was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which spends the summer–fall open water period feeding off northeast Sakhalin Island in close proximity to the seismic survey area. Seismic mitigation and monitoring guidelines and recommendations were developed and implemented to reduce impacts on the feeding activity of western gray whales. Results of the acoustic monitoring program indicated that the noise monitoring and mitigation program was successful in reducing exposure of feeding western gray whales to seismic noise.     

The Costa Rican Experience with Market Instruments to Mitigate Climate Change and Conserve Biodiversity

Two decades of developing relevant legal and institutional regimes for the sustainable and nondestructive use of natural resources have framed Costa Rica's pioneer approach to mitigate climate change and conserve its rich biological diversity. This policy framework provides an appropriate context for the actual and proposed development of market instruments designed to attract capital investments for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, and allows the establishment of mechanisms to use those funds to compensate owners for the environmental services provided by their land. As a developing economy. Costa Rica is striving to internalize the benefits from the environmental services it offers, as a cornerstone of its sustainable development strategy.     

防灾减灾科普绘本设计的新思维

防灾减灾科普绘本是帮助儿童认识自然界的主要灾害和在灾害面前了解自我应对措施的重要途径.目前国内创作的防灾减灾科普绘本在内容表达与知识传播上仍存在着讲解抽象、儿童读者难以理解的问题,究其原因,主要在于设计者没有寻找到切合儿童认知心理特征的表达方式.由此,对已出版的防灾减灾科普绘本进行了归类整理与研究,从知识内容的趣味表达...     

水稻根系吸收砷的动力学特征及硅的缓解机制（Uptake Kinetics of Arsenic Species in Two Genotypes of Rice Plants and Mitigatory Mechanism of Silicon）

采用室内模拟的方法,研究了两种基因型水稻(硅突变体和野生型)根系吸收As的动力学特征以及Si对水稻吸收As的影响.结果表明,两种基因型水稻根系对As(III)和As(V)的吸收均可以用Freundlich模型较好地模拟.外源Si的加入可显著降低水稻根系对As(III)和As(V)的吸收.在20μmol·L-1As处理下,与不加Si处理相比,加1.0mmol·L-1Si处理导致水稻根系吸收As(III)和As(V)分别降低94.1%和92.2%(野生型);74.4%和90.2%(突变体).在100μmol·L-1As处理下,水稻根系吸收As(III)和As(V)则分别降低64.5%和91.2%(野生型);76.1%和90.6%(突变体).     

Electro-assisted CNTs/ceramic flat sheet ultrafiltration membrane for enhanced antifouling and separation performance

• A stable and electroconductive CNTs/ceramic membrane was fabricated. • The membrane with the electro-assistance exhibited optimal fouling mitigation. • The removal efficiency was improved by the -2.0 V electro-assistance. • Electro-assisted filtration is energy-saving than that of commercial membrane. Ultrafiltration is employed as an important process for water treatment and reuse, which is of great significance to alleviate the shortage of water resources. However, it suffers from severe membrane fouling and the trade-off between selectivity and permeability. In this work, a CNTs/ceramic flat sheet ultrafiltration membrane coupled with electro-assistance was developed for improving the antifouling and separation performance. The CNTs/ceramic flat sheet membrane was fabricated by coating cross-linked CNTs on ceramic membrane, featuring a good electroconductivity of 764.75 S/m. In the filtration of natural water, the permeate flux of the membrane with the cell voltage of -2.0 V was 1.8 times higher than that of the membrane without electro-assistance and 5.7-fold greater than that of the PVDF commercial membrane. Benefiting from the electro-assistance, the removal efficiency of the typical antibiotics was improved by 50%. Furthermore, the electro-assisted membrane filtration process showed 70% reduction in energy consumption compared with the filtration process of the commercial membrane. This work offers a feasible approach for membrane fouling mitigation and effluent quality improvement and suggests that the electro-assisted CNTs/ceramic membrane filtration process has great potential in the application of water treatment.