河流污染治理任务路线图制定方法及其在海河流域的应用

针对河流水污染治理的长期性、复杂性和系统性要求,参考技术路线图的制定原则和一般步骤,吸纳制定重要领域科技路线图的系统方法,从需求分析、任务布局、特征目标界定、实施阶段和技术重点等方面,建立了制定河流治理路线图的一般方法,并在海河流域开展应用研究,分析了海河流域河流水污染治理的问题和需求、确定了治理的战略任务,确立了水污染治理的特征目标,提出了海河流域河流水污染治理的路线图,为流域河流污染治理和生态修复提供前瞻性的战略指导和支撑.     

Development of an agroforestry carbon sequestration project in Khammam district,India

This paper addresses methodological issues in estimating carbon (C) sequestration potential, baseline determination, additionality and leakage in Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh, southern part of India. Technical potential for afforestation on cultivable wastelands, fallow, and marginal croplands was considered for Eucalyptus clonal plantations. Field studies for aboveground and belowground biomass, woody litter, and soil organic carbon for baseline and project scenarios were conducted to estimate the carbon sequestration potential. The baseline carbon stock was estimated to be 45.3 t C/ha, predominately in soils. The additional carbon sequestration potential under the project scenario for 30 years is estimated to be 12.8 t C/ha/year inclusive of harvest regimes and carbon emissions due to biomass burning and fertilizer application. Considering carbon storage in harvested wood, an additional 45% carbon benefit can be accounted. The project scenario has a higher benefit/cost ratio compared to the baseline scenario. The initial investment cost requirement, however, is high and lack of access to investment is a significant barrier for adoption of agroforestry in the district.

The relationship between demographic/educational parameters and perceptions,knowledge and earthquake mitigation in Israel

Perceptions, knowledge and mitigation are factors that might play a role in preventing injury and loss of life during a major earthquake.² Little is known about the relationships between different demographic and educational parameters and these factors. A national representative sample of 495 adults was investigated in order to determine the relationship between demographic and educational parameters in terms of the perceived threat, perceived coping, knowledge and mitigation of earthquakes in Israel. Compared to females, males perceived the threat of earthquakes to be lower (t=3.183, p=0.002), manifested higher levels of perceived coping (t=2.55, p=0.011), and had higher levels of earthquake related knowledge (t=2.047, p=0.041). We conclude that there are gender differences in perceptions and knowledge regarding earthquakes.     

Common and Conflicting Interests in the Engagements between Conservation Organizations and Corporations

The conservation community increasingly views the corporate sector as a positive force for conservation. Collaborations between corporations and nongovernmental conservation organizations (NGOs) seek to mitigate the negative effects of corporate activities and augment positive conservation outcomes. I reviewed the establishment of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies by corporations; the emerging focus on environmental practices and sustainability; and the history of engagement between corporations and nongovernmental organizations. I considered the ethical and reputation vulnerabilities of these collaborations, which depend especially on the financial nature of the relationship and reviewed how CSR approaches have influenced corporate practices. I concluded that whereas CSR practices can act to mitigate negative environmental impact, to date they have had limited positive effect on biodiversity conservation. Intereses Comunes y Conflictivos en los Compromisos entre Organizaciones y Corporaciones de Conservación     

地质灾害能量质环理论结构模式梗概

以地质灾害能量形成致灾根源为研究导向,论表观灾害形成机理的基础上,从灾害能量质环理论到地质灾害致灾根源作进一步升华探索.运用能量质环理论有针对性地加强对于地震、洪水、泥石流等各种地质灾害能量在介质中传播规律的研究；构建灾害能量传输、聚集成无数能量质点、质点相吸形成环链、环链相交形成能量断面,各个能量断面叠加形成能量破坏体,能量破坏体不断地传输与演化直至最终诱发下一次灾害等全过程循环系统；分析灾害能量在介质中传输及演变规律；提出灾害隔断原理,对防灾减灾工程提出实质性的建议.该项目研究打破了传统的非根源防灾理念,从致灾根源探索灾害的形成及灾害隔断预警.     

Validity of the Prey‐Trap Hypothesis for Carnivore‐Ungulate Interactions at Wildlife‐Crossing Structures

Abstract: Wildlife‐exclusion fencing and wildlife‐crossing structures (e.g., underpasses and overpasses) are becoming increasingly common features of highway projects around the world. The prey‐trap hypothesis posits that predators exploit crossing structures to detect and capture prey. The hypothesis predicts that predation events occur closer to a highway after the construction of fences and crossing structures and that prey species’ use of crossings increases the probability that predators will attack prey. We examined interactions between ungulates and large carnivores at 28 wildlife crossing structures along 45 km of the Trans‐Canada Highway in Banff National Park, Alberta. We obtained long‐term records of locations where ungulates were killed (kill sites) before and after crossing structures were built. We also placed remote, motion‐triggered cameras at two crossing structures to monitor predator behavior following ungulate passage through the structure. The proximity of ungulate kill sites to the highway was similar before and after construction of fencing and crossing structures. We found only five kill sites near crossing structures after more than 32,000 visits over 13 years. We found no evidence that predator behavior at crossing structures is affected by prey movement. Our results suggest that interactions between large mammals and their prey at wildlife‐crossing structures in Banff National Park are not explained by the prey‐trap hypothesis.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
John Twigg and Mihir R. Bhatt, eds, Understanding Vulnerability
Joachim von Braun, Tesfaye Teklu and Patrick Webb, Famine in Africa: Causes, Responses, and Prevention
C. Emdad Haque, Hazrads in a Fickle Environment: Bangladesh
Walter Gillis Peacock, Betty Hearn Morrow and Hugh Gladwin, eds, Population and Food: Global Trends and Future Prospects
Roy Gutman and David Rieff, eds, Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know     

汶川8.0级地震所引发的防震减灾工作启示

1966年邢台地震和2008年汶川8.0级地震,对中国防震减灾事业的方针政策已经产生和正在产生深刻影响。汶川8.0级地震的惨痛教训进一步说明,在地震预报不过关或还不可靠的前提下,震灾预防是减轻地震灾害的最有效途径。汶川地震的灾情和云南省减隔震技术研究应用、农村民居抗震、城中村改造三大工程加速了中国防震减灾结构的调整——应把建构筑物抗震设防摆在更重要的位置。     

防震减灾遥感影像网络发布系统

研究了基于ArcSDE的防震减灾遥感数据库系统的框架结构、建库过程及利用ArclMS建立海量遥感影像网络发布系统的体系结构.分析了遥感影像网络发布系统中自动创建地图服务、不同坐标系统的矢量和影像数据的叠加显示、远程图像处理等关键技术.同时,介绍了系统的功能和目前系统包含的主要遥感影像库和矢量库.该遥感影像网络发布系统实现了遥感技术、数据库技术以及网络地理信息系统技术在防震减灾工作中的综合应用.     

Managing carbon emissions in China through building energy efficiency

This paper attempts to analyse the role of building energy efficiency (BEE) in China in addressing climate change mitigation. It provides an analysis of the current situation and future prospects for the adoption of BEE technologies in Chinese cities. It outlines the economic and institutional barriers to large-scale deployment of the sustainable, low-carbon, and even carbon-free construction techniques. Based on a comprehensive overview of energy demand characteristics and development trends driven by economic and demographic growth, different policy tools for cost-effective CO₂ emission reduction in the Chinese construction sector are described. We propose a comprehensive approach combining building design and construction, and the urban planning and building material industries, in order to drastically improve BEE during this period of rapid urban development. A coherent institutional framework needs to be established to ensure the implementation of efficiency policies. Regulatory and incentive options should be integrated into the policy portfolios of BEE to minimise the efficiency gap and to realise sizeable carbon emissions cuts in the next decades. We analyse in detail several policies and instruments, and formulate relevant policy proposals fostering low-carbon construction technology in China. Specifically, Our analysis shows that improving building energy efficiency can generate considerable carbon emissions reduction credits with competitive price under the CDM framework.