间甲酚降解Citrobacter farmeri 的降解特性及代谢途径解析

考察了在不同温度、pH值、摇床转速、氮源等环境和营养条件下,间甲酚降解菌Citrobacter farmeri对降解速率和降解过程中反应液的TOC值、紫外吸收及酶活的变化.结果表明,Citrobacter,farmeri降解间甲酚的最适温度为35℃,培养基初始pH值为6.5-8.0,摇床转速为170 r·min~(-1),无机氮比有机氮和氨态氮比硝态氮更利于Citrobacter farmeri对间甲酚的降解;当间甲酚初始浓度低于375mg·l~(-1)时,Citrobacter farmeri降解间甲酚符合零级动力学方程;间甲酚初始浓度约为60 mg·l~(-1)时约4 h完全降解,TOG的去除率8 h内可达到77%,之后几乎不变;Citrobacter farmeri可完全降解约600 mg·l~(-1)的间甲酚,表现出高效与强耐受能力的结合.对酶活的测定发现,儿茶酚1,2-双加氧酶有明显增大,初步判断Citrobacter farmeri以邻位裂解的途径对间甲酚进行降解.     

Biodegradation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) by using Serratia marcescens NCIM 2919

A solvent tolerant bacterium Serratia marcescens NCIM 2919 has been evaluated for degradation of DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane). The bacterium was able to degrade up to 42% of initial 50 mg L^?1 of DDT within 10 days of incubation. The highlight of the work was the elucidation of DDT degradation pathway in S. marcescens. A total of four intermediates metabolites viz. 2,2-bis (chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (DDD), 2,2-bis (chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE), 2,2-bis (chlorophenyl)-1-chloroethylene (DDMU), and 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4-CBA) were identified by GC-Mass and FTIR. 4-CBA was found to be the stable product of DDT degradation. Metabolites preceding 4-CBA were not toxic to strain as reveled through luxuriant growth in presence of varying concentrations of exogenous DDD and DDE. However, 4-CBA was observed to inhibit the growth of bacterium. The DDT degrading efficiency of S. marcescens NCIM 2919 hence could be used in combination with 4-CBA utilizing strains either as binary culture or consortia for mineralization of DDT. Application of S. marcescens NCIM 2919 to DDT contaminated soil, showed 74.7% reduction of initial 12.0 mg kg^?1 of DDT after 18-days of treatment.     

华北半干旱区2个农业流域地表氮素流失特征的对比研究

在2004和2005年2个水文年期间,通过野外降雨径流监测和室内分析,对位于华北半干旱地区天津市重要饮用水水源地于桥水库周边2个典型农业小流域地表径流氮素流失特征进行了对比研究.结果表明,2个农业小流域全年氮输出主要集 中在6-9月;试验期间桃花寺流域41%的地表径流和52%的总氮负荷发生在2次>60 mm降雨中,曹各庄流域输出地表径 流和总氮负荷较均匀地分布于不同降雨类型的降雨事件中;桃花寺流域和曹各庄流域地表径流氮素输出发生的最小降雨量 分别约为20 mm和10 mm;曹各庄流域和桃花寺流域年均径流系数分别为0.013 2和0.001 6,前者为后者的8.3倍;曹各庄流域 年均总氮输出量是1.048 kg·(hm2·a)-1,桃花寺流域年均总氮输出量是0.158 kg·(hm2·a)-1,前者是后者的6.6倍.2个农业流 域内的微地形地貌、景观格局和迁移廊道性质的不同是造成流域氮素流失特征差异的主要原因:受长期人为活动干扰形成的 复杂地形地貌结构降低了流域的降雨一产流能力;桃花寺流域地表径流氮素主要污染源(村庄)离受纳水体的距离约为 1 500 m,而曹各庄流域此距离约为200 m,较短的迁移距离增加氮素迁移到受纳水体的风险;曹各庄流域道路型的传输廊道可 以很快地将地表径流氮素迁移到受纳水体,而桃花寺流域地表径流氮素则可以在传输廊道中被小石坝、植被过滤带和干塘等 "汇"型结构所持留.     

菲降解菌株的分离鉴定及特性研究

从某石化公司污水处理厂的活性污泥中分离到1株对菲具有降解活性的菌株AFF,该菌株能够以菲为唯一碳源和能源生长.根据形态特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌株初步鉴定为Burkholderia sp..在以菲为唯一碳源的培养基中,84 h内菌株对100 mg·L-1菲的降解率可达74.1%.通过液相-质谱联用及紫外可见分光光度法分析,推测该菌株代谢菲的途径为水杨酸途径.测定了降解途径中相关酶的活性,表明该菌株降解酶系中具有邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶活性,并证明该酶为诱导酶;确定了粗酶降解邻苯二酚的动力学常数:米氏常数Km为10.93μmol·L-1,最大反应速率Vmax为106.38μmol·min-1,说明酶与邻苯二酚的亲和力较大,邻苯二酚是该酶的良好底物.     

水环境中镍毒性的机制研究：有害结局路径(AOP)分析

目前对镍(Ni)生态风险评估和水质法规采用了基于机制的预测工具,如生物配体模型(BLMs)。然而,尽管有许多具体细致的研究,Ni对水生生物毒性的精确机制仍然难以确定。对Ni行为机制的不确定性导致了大家在一些管理设置中应用像BLM这样的工具时,有所顾虑。为了解决这一认知差距,作者使用了有害结局路径(AOP)分析,也是第一个用于金属的AOP分析,来确定Ni毒性的多种潜在机制以及它们与淡水水生生物的相互作用。在金属的分子起始事件(molecular initiating events)在分类群中可能存在的前提下,在许多不同种水生和陆生生物数据的基础上,考虑建立一种潜在的行为机制。通过分析,作者识别了Ni可能对水生生物产生毒性的5个潜在的分子起始事件：Ca²⁺体内平衡的破坏,Mg²⁺体内平衡的破坏,Fe²⁺/³⁺体内平衡的破坏,活性氧类物质引起的氧化损伤,以及呼吸上皮细胞的过敏反应。在生物组织的器官水平,这5个潜在的分子起始事件会分解成3个可能的途径：支持外骨骼、外壳和骨骼生长的Ca²⁺减少;呼吸受损;细胞毒性和肿瘤形成。在整个生物体的水平,器官水平的反应将可能导致生长、繁殖的降低和/或能量代谢的改变,并且在每个通路之间有几个潜在的反馈回路。总体来说,目前的AOP分析可指导Ni的毒性机制研究,并为其他金属开发AOPs提供了有效的参考。
精选自Brix, K. V., Schlekat, C. E. and Garman, E. R. (2017), The mechanisms of nickel toxicity in aquatic environments: An adverse outcome pathway analysis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1128–1137. doi: 10.1002/etc.3706
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3706/full
     

MnO2吸附-氧化去除草甘膦的研究

草甘膦是一种被广泛使用的除草剂,天然矿物的吸附-氧化作用对草甘膦的降解具有重要影响.本文研究了草甘膦在MnO2表面的吸附-氧化行为,考察了草甘膦在MnO2表面的降解动力学,以及反应体系pH和共存阳离子对MnO2吸附-氧化降解草甘膦的影响,初步分析了草甘膦的降解产物和可能的降解途径.结果表明,MnO2可有效降解草甘膦,草甘膦在MnO2表面的降解符合表观准一级动力学模型,表观反应动力学常数随草甘膦浓度的增大而减小;酸性条件有利于MnO2对草甘膦的去除,共存Cu2+对MnO2去除草甘膦有明显的抑制作用;草甘膦的降解产物包括肌氨酸、氨基乙酸、羟基乙酸、甲酸和乙酸及PO3-4、NH+4和NO-3.     

Unique animal prenyltransferase with monoterpene synthase activity

Monoterpenes are structurally diverse natural compounds that play an essential role in the chemical ecology of a wide array of organisms. A key enzyme in monoterpene biosynthesis is geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS). GPPS is an isoprenyl diphosphate synthase that catalyzes a single electrophilic condensation reaction between dimethylallyl diphosphate (C₅) and isopentenyl diphosphate (C₅) to produce geranyl diphosphate (GDP; C₁₀). GDP is the universal precursor to all monoterpenes. Subsequently, monoterpene synthases are responsible for the transformation of GDP to a variety of acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpene products. In pheromone-producing male Ips pini bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the acyclic monoterpene myrcene is required for the production of the major aggregation pheromone component, ipsdienol. Here, we report monoterpene synthase activity associated with GPPS of I. pini. Enzyme assays were performed on recombinant GPPS to determine the presence of monoterpene synthase activity, and the reaction products were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The functionally expressed recombinant enzyme produced both GDP and myrcene, making GPPS of I. pini a bifunctional enzyme. This unique insect isoprenyl diphosphate synthase possesses the functional plasticity that is characteristic of terpene biosynthetic enzymes of plants, contributing toward the current understanding of product specificity of the isoprenoid pathway.     

δ-MnO2/水界面17β-雌二醇的氧化转化

采用化学合成的新生态水合δ-MnO2为氧化剂,研究其对17β-雌二醇(E2)氧化转化的反应动力学,考察相关因素(如pH、δ-MnO2投加量等)对氧化转化的影响,并通过气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)分析δ-MnO2氧化转化E2的产物,探讨氧化转化的反应机制.结果表明,E2对新生态水合δ-MnO2的氧化作用具有较强的反应感受性,且在pH值一定和δ-MnO2充分过量的条件下,E2氧化转化的反应动力学并不是简单的准一级反应动力学,而是遵循复合的反应动力学.E2的氧化转化速率与δ-MnO2的投加量呈正相关,在δ-MnO2投加量为c(E2)∶c(MnO2)=1∶100时,反应体系中的δ-MnO2已足够,E2浓度在8h内降低了90%以上.E2的氧化转化速率与pH值的增加呈负相关,pH为4.0时,E2在0.25h内去除率达到95%,而在pH为6.8和9.0时,E2在1h内只去除了80%和75%.另外,在反应过程中检测到了2个主要产物,分别为雌酮(E1)和2-羟雌二醇,并在此基础上结合相关文献提出了氧化转化流程.     

睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌对喹啉的微生物降解途径的研究

从油制气废水的活性污泥中分离得到一株可以在好氧条件下利用喹啉作为唯一碳源和能源的睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌 (Co mamonastestosteroni,编号为Q10 ) .浓度为 2 5 0mg L的喹啉可被该菌完全降解 ,TOC去除率为 70 % .实验结果表明喹啉首先降解为 1H— 2 氧喹啉 ,然后继续转化为 6 羟基— 1H— 2 氧喹啉、5 ,6 二羟基— 1H— 2 氧喹啉和 5 羟基— 6 (2 羧基乙烯基 )—1H— 2 吡啶酮 ,由此提出该菌降解喹啉的一种可能途径 .样品中还发现少量的 8 羟基— 1H— 2 氧喹啉 ,表明菌Q10 对喹啉的降解可能是通过以一种途径为主的多种途径进行的 .     

Relationship between AtPase activity and conjugated polyamines in mitochondrial membrane from wheat seedling roots under osmotic stress

The effects of osmotic stress on the ATPase activity, the contents of —SH group and conjugated polyamines in mitochondrial membrane from wheat seedling [ Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yumai No. 18 (drought-tolerant) and cv. Yumai No.9(drought-sensitive)] roots were investigated. The results showed that ATPase activity and --SH group content decreased with polyethylene glycol(PEG) 6000( - 0.55 MPa) treatment for 7 d, in concert with the decrease of the ratio of noncovalently conjugated spermidine (NCC-Spd)/noncovalently conjugated putrescine(NCC-Put) and increase of the covalently conjugated putrescine (CC-Put). Osmotic stress injury to Yangmai No.9 seedlings was alleviated greatly with 1 mmol/L exogenous spermidine(Spd), in concert with marked increases of the ratio of NCC-Spd/NCC-Put, --SH group contents and ATPase activity in mitochondrial membrane. Under osmotic stress, the concomitant treatment of Yumai No. 18 seedlings with methylglyoxyl bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), an inhibitor of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase(SAMDC), and phenanthrolin ( o-Phen), an inhibitor of transglutaminase(TGase), caused a significant decrease of the ratio of NCC-Spd / NCC-Put, CC-Put contents, respectively, in concert with the marked decreases of ATPase activity, --SH group content and its tolerance to osmotic stress. All the results above suggested that osmotic stress tolerance of wheat seedlings was associated with the ATPase activity, the contents of --SH group, NCC-Spd and CC-Put in mitochondrial membrane.