以农业面源污染阻控为目标的河流生态缓冲带研究进展

河流生态缓冲带是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,一些国家已将河流生态缓冲带的构建与维护作为控制流域面源污染的关键措施。针对河流生态缓冲带的农业面源污染阻控功能,梳理了河流生态缓冲带的研究进展。基于河流生态缓冲带类型的划定,重点总结了河岸植被缓冲带的阻控机制及影响阻控效果的主要因素、氮磷削减途径和缓冲带生态构建模式,并就植被缓冲带对污染物的削减机理及量化方法、缓冲带的设计理念与构建模式、缓冲带的长期效果评估和管理机制等方面提出了展望,以期为我国河流生态缓冲带的科学划定、生态构建以及生态系统管理提供参考。     

How negative social interactions at work seep into the home: A prosocial and an antisocial pathway

We combined Bakker and Demerouti's spillover–crossover model with Taylor's biobehavioral perspective, tested the comprehensive model, and pursued a set of gender‐related research questions. Negative work interactions were expected to entail two strain responses, high‐ and low‐arousal negative affect. Both should be related to cortisol secretion but transmitted via different social pathways, a positive and a negative one. During a 7‐day ambulatory assessment with 56 couples, we assessed daily variations in the severity of negative social interactions at work and at home along with participants' affect and cortisol levels. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, we found evidence for the three hypothesized processes: strain at work as a consequence of social stress, spillover of strain into the home, and crossover to the partner. On socially more stressful days, participants showed increased high‐ and low‐arousal negative affect at work. Low‐arousal negative affect spilled over into the home. Only for men, high‐arousal negative affect spilled over, and only women showed a tendency for slowed decline of cortisol levels on more socially stressful days (i.e., slower recovery). Surprisingly, high‐arousal negative affect at work tended to be negatively related to partners' high‐arousal negative affect. Commonalities predominated differences between men and women. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Degradation of atrazine by catalytic ozonation in the presence of iron scraps: performance,transformation pathway,and acute toxicity

Degradation of atrazine by catalytic ozonation in the presence of iron scraps (ZVI/O₃) was carried out. The key operational parameters (i.e., initial pH, ZVI dosage, and ozone dosage) were optimized by the batch experiments, respectively. This ZVI/O₃ system exhibited much higher degradation efficiency of atrazine than the single ozonation, ZVI, and traditional ZVI/O₂ systems. The result shows that the pseudo-first-order constant (0.0927?min^?1) and TOC removal rate (86.6%) obtained by the ZVI/O₃ process were much higher than those of the three control experiments. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that slight of γ-FeOOH and Fe₂O₃ were formed on the surface of iron scrap after ZVI/O₃ treatment. These corrosion products exhibit high catalytic ability for ozone decomposition, which could generate more hydroxyl radical (HO^?) to degrade atrazine. Six transformation intermediates were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis in ZVI/O₃ system, and the degradation pathway of atrazine was proposed. Toxicity tests based on the inhibition of the luminescence emitted by Photobacterium phosphoreum and Vibrio fischeri indicate the detoxification of atrazine by ZVI/O₃ system. Finally, reused experiments indicate the approving recyclability of iron scraps. Consequently, the ZVI/O₃ system could be as an effective and promising technology for pesticide wastewater treatment.     

Toxic effects of realgar transforming solution on the reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Realgar transforming solution is an arsenic formulation which has shown anticancer effects with low toxicity both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans was used to evaluate its reproductive toxicity and its possible mechanisms. Realgar transforming solution decreased the brood size and induced proliferation arrest and apoptosis significantly only at an elemental concentration of 37.5 mg/L, while arsenic trioxide reduced the brood sizes and induced proliferation arrest and apoptosis of both the wild type N2 and let-60 ras(gf) mutant worms in an arsenic concentration dependent manner. Mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein p53 pathways may be involved in reproductive toxicity as evidenced by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RNA interference, and inhibition experiments with mitogen-activated protein kinases and p53. In conclusion, realgar transforming solution at the low arsenic (As) concentrations showed lower reproductive toxicity than arsenic trioxide, and a different molecular mechanism of reproductive toxicity is suggested.     

Distribution pathways of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in a soil-plant-air system. A case study with Cynara scolymus L. and Erica sp. plants grown in a contaminated site

This study focuses on the main routes of distribution and accumulation of different hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (mainly α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH) in a soil-plant-air system. A field assay was carried out with two plant species, Cynara scolymus L. and Erica sp., which were planted either: (i) directly in the HCH-contaminated soil; or (ii) in pots filled with uncontaminated soil, which were placed in the HCH-contaminated soil. Both plant species accumulated HCH in their tissues, with relatively higher accumulation in above-ground biomass than in roots. The β-HCH isomer was the main isomer in all plant tissues. Adsorption of HCH by the roots from contaminated soil (soil → root pathway) and adsorption through the aerial biomass from either the surrounding air, following volatilization of the contaminant (soil → air → shoot pathway), and/or contact with air-suspended particles contaminated with HCH (soil particles → shoot pathway) were the main mechanisms of accumulation. These results may have important implications for the use of plants for reducing the transfer of contaminants via the atmosphere.     

1株α-蒎烯降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从处理废气的生物滤塔内筛选到1株能高效降解α-蒎烯的菌株PT.通过菌落形态、生理生化特征、16SrRNA基因序列相似性分析及Biolog鉴定等方法,确定该菌株属于荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens).菌株PT最佳生长条件为: NaCl浓度0.00%、pH7.13、温度25.5℃,降解速率达到最大值5.22mg/(L×h).降解过程符合Haldane’s抑制生长动力学模型,最大比降解速率为0.0364h-1.菌株PT能不同程度地降解一些分子结构较为简单或与α-蒎烯结构相似的工业有机污染物.代谢产物分析表明,菌株PT在降解α-蒎烯的过程中产生柠檬油精、紫苏酸等结构较为简单的物质,它们最终被完全矿化为CO2或合成细胞自身组成物质.碳平衡分析表明,底物有机碳含量完全矿化和转化为细胞生物量的比例分别为64.83%和30.37%.     

苯高效降解菌群富集及其降解机理研究

微生物绿色、低耗、原位修复去除污染土壤与地下水中可降解污染物日益受到关注.本研究从江苏某农药厂苯系物污染土壤中以苯为唯一碳源富集获得苯降解菌群.在28℃、pH=8.0、添加100 mg· L-1酵母粉条件下,该菌群在6h内完全降解100 mg·L-1的苯,利用Q-TOF解析出苯酚和邻苯二酚等主要代谢产物,并通过PCR扩...     

微囊藻毒素微生物降解途径与分子机制研究进展

随着大量含氮和磷的废水流入湖泊和江河,导致淡水蓝藻水华污染现象日趋严重.蓝藻水华污染的最主要危害是产生和释放以微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)为主的多种藻毒素.由于MCs对动植物具有很强的毒性,且其在水体中很难被传统的处理方法有效去除,因此如何有效控制蓝藻水华污染和去除MCs是摆在中外环境科学领域的一个难题.针对MCs的结构与毒性、降解菌株、酶催化降解、降解基因和生物降解途径与分子机制的研究进展进行了综述,并对今后微生物降解MCs的研究方向进行了展望,以期为解决我国日益严峻的湖库水体MCs污染和饮用水安全问题提供参考.     

刺芹侧耳对孔雀石绿的脱色降解及其产物分析

以白腐真菌刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii-Co007)为染料脱色菌株,研究三苯甲烷染料孔雀石绿的浓度、脱色p H、脱色温度及脱色时间对染料脱色的影响,并对降解产物进行紫外-可见吸收光谱分析、红外光谱分析、GC-MS分析和植物毒性实验,以揭示孔雀石绿可能的降解路径及其产物毒性.结果表明:在p H 6、30℃条件下,P.eryngii-Co007脱色降解200 mg·L-1孔雀石绿,9 h脱色率可达98.22%;孔雀石绿的降解产物主要包括4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮、4-(甲氨基)二苯甲酮和4-氨基二苯甲酮;推测孔雀石绿可能的降解路径为孔雀石绿中心碳的羟基化反应,随后中心碳迅速发生碳-碳键断裂,产生4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮,4-(二甲氨基)二苯甲酮经过两个连续的N-去甲基化过程,分别产生4-(甲氨基)二苯甲酮和4-氨基二苯甲酮;植物毒性实验表明,P.eryngii-Co007对孔雀石绿有较好的脱毒作用.综上,P.eryngii-Co007能高效脱色降解高浓度的孔雀石绿,同时可显著降低染料对植物的毒害作用.     

高级氧化技术处理水中人工甜味剂的研究进展

介绍了几个国家在地表水、污水处理厂进出水等水环境中检测出的人工甜味剂的含量,简介了人工甜味剂对人体的危害,综述了基于臭氧氧化和紫外光照射的高级氧化技术处理水中人工甜味剂的研究进展,剖析了人工甜味剂的降解产物和降解路径以及在降解过程中的矿化效果和毒性变化,对后续的研究方向进行了展望。