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1.
F. Pricope Ştefănescu G. Tiţescu I. Cărăuş D. Ureche 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2003,1(2):149-151
During the artificial reproduction of salmonides, the fecundity can be increased either by improving the viability of spermatozoa,
or by extending the time period during which a roe micropile remains open, thus allowing its fecundation. Practically, this
can be achieved by the use of some fertilising techniques suitable for fish species. Here, we show that the reproduction of
rainbow trout in a 1:1 solution of deuterium-depleted water and distilled water led to a significant increase in survival
of roes during their embryonic development. Moreover, the addition of glucose and fructose into the deuterium-depleted fertilising
solutions led to a further increase in roe survival during embryonic development. The increase in survival is mainly explained
by an increase in the motility of spermatozoa. 相似文献
2.
Background, Aim and Scope Air quality is an field of major concern in large cities. This problem has led administrations to introduce plans and regulations
to reduce pollutant emissions. The analysis of variations in the concentration of pollutants is useful when evaluating the
effectiveness of these plans. However, such an analysis cannot be undertaken using standard statistical techniques, due to
the fact that concentrations of atmospheric pollutants often exhibit a lack of normality and are autocorrelated. On the other
hand, if long-term trends of any pollutant’s emissions are to be detected, meteorological effects must be removed from the
time series analysed, due to their strong masking effects.
Materials and Methods The application of statistical methods to analyse temporal variations is illustrated using monthly carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations
observed at an urban site. The sampling site is located at a street intersection in central Valencia (Spain) with a high traffic
density. Valencia is the third largest city in Spain. It is a typical Mediterranean city in terms of its urban structure and
climatology. The sampling site started operation in January 1994 and monitored CO ground level concentrations until February
2002. Its geographic coordinates are W0°22′52″ N39°28′05″ and its altitude is 11 m. Two nonparametric trend tests are applied.
One of these is robust against serial correlation with regards to the false rejection rate, when observations have a strong
persistence or when the sample size per month is small. A nonparametric analysis of the homogeneity of trends between seasons
is also discussed. A multiple linear regression model is used with the transformed data, including the effect of meteorological
variables. The method of generalized least squares is applied to estimate the model parameters to take into account the serial
dependence of the residuals of this model. This study also assesses temporal changes using the Kolmogorov-Zurbenko (KZ) filter.
The KZ filter has been shown to be an effective way to remove the influence of meteorological conditions on O3 and PM to examine underlying trends.
Results The nonparametric tests indicate a decreasing, significant trend in the sampled site. The application of the linear model
yields a significant decrease every twelve months of 15.8% for the average monthly CO concentration. The 95% confidence interval
for the trend ranges from 13.9% to 17.7%. The seasonal cycle also provides significant results. There are no differences in
trends throughout the months. The percentage of CO variance explained by the linear model is 90.3%. The KZ filter separates
out long, short-term and seasonal variations in the CO series. The estimated, significant, long-term trend every year results
in 10.3% with this method. The 95% confidence interval ranges from 8.8% to 11.9%. This approach explains 89.9% of the CO temporal
variations.
Discussion The differences between the linear model and KZ filter trend estimations are due to the fact that the KZ filter performs the
analysis on the smoothed data rather than the original data. In the KZ filter trend estimation, the effect of meteorological
conditions has been removed. The CO short-term componentis attributable to weather and short-term fluctuations in emissions.
There is a significant seasonal cycle. This component is a result of changes in the traffic, the yearly meteorological cycle
and the interactions between these two factors. There are peaks during the autumn and winter months, which have more traffic
density in the sampled site. There is a minimum during the month of August, reflecting the very low level of vehicle emissions
which is a direct consequence of the holiday period.
Conclusions The significant, decreasing trend implies to a certain extent that the urban environment in the area is improving. This trend
results from changes in overall emissions, pollutant transport, climate, policy and economics. It is also due to the effect
of introducing reformulated gasoline. The additives enable vehicles to burn fuel with a higher air/fuel ratio, thereby lowering
the emission of CO. The KZ filter has been the most effective method to separate the CO series components and to obtain an
estimate of the long-term trend due to changes in emissions, removing the effect of meteorological conditions.
Recommendations and Perspectives Air quality managers and policy-makers must understand the link between climate and pollutants to select optimal pollutant
reduction strategies and avoid exceeding emission directives. This paper analyses eight years of ambient CO data at a site
with a high traffic density, and provides results that are useful for decision-making. The assessment of long-term changes
in air pollutants to evaluate reduction strategies has to be done while taking into account meteorological variability 相似文献
3.
Summary
Ips duplicatus withI. typographus co-inhabiting Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) would benefit from a pheromone blend distinct from that of the larger competitorI. typographus. GC-MS analysis showed thatI. duplicatus males feeding in the host produced ipsdienol (Id),cis-verbenol (cV),trans-verbenol (tV), myrtenol (Mt), andE-myrcenol (EM) and traces of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB).I. duplicatus produced Id in approximately racemic form (48.9-54.5% (+)-(S)-isomer). The amounts of Id and EM released over a 9 day period had a maximum of 250 and 5 ng/h/male, respectively, on day 2. Exposure ofI. duplicatus males to myrcene and -pinene resulted in the production of small amounts of Id, cV, tV, Mt, andtrans-pinocarveol, but not of EM. In laboratory bioassays with walking beetles, the pheromone component Id alone was weakly attractive while EM was inactive, but in binary combination with Id strongly synergized attraction. A combination of EM and Id at a release rate equivalent to 100–200 males was more attractive in the field than 70 unmated males in a spruce log. The addition of myrcene ( a suggested pheromone precursor of Id) to Id did not enhance trap caches, while addition of EM increased catches > 10-fold. Subtracting EM from a blend of Id, EM, cV and MB drastically reduced trap catches while subtraction of cV or MB or both had no significant effect. Addition of EM over a wide concentration range to the synthetic pheromone ofI. typographus did not reduce the attraction of females of this species in the laboratory. A two-species pheromone interaction field test releasingI. typographus pheromone components (MB + cV) at 10–1000 male equivalents (ME) andI. duplicatus pheromone (Id + EM) at 0, 10–1000 ME in all possible combinations showed both positive intraspecific dose-response effects and an interspecific inhibition. Higher release rates of EM appeared to inhibitI. typographus, especially males. In a tree colonization model, the response of the two competing species to their respective pheromones show a good separation during the mass-attack with a small initial cross-attraction. It remains to be shown whether either of the two pheromone systems have in fact evolved in the present sympatry, or if they are an incidental effect of ancestry of these phylogenetically distantIps. 相似文献
4.
制备了以KNbO3为载体材料的Co(OH)2复合材料并对其进行了详细的表征,分析了材料的组成成分、组成形态进而确定了其为核壳结构形貌的KNbO3@Co(OH)2.利用合成的样品作为催化剂活化过一硫酸盐(peroxymonosulfate,PMS)来降解帕珠沙星(pazufloxacin,PZF),结果表明制备的催化剂对PZF的去除效率显著增加.讨论了不同初始PMS剂量对降解效率的影响,发现随着PMS增加可活化生成更多的硫酸根自由基(sulfate radicals,SO4·-)和羟基自由基(hydroxyl radicals,HO·)来降解PZF,但继续增大PMS用量降解效率未见明显提升.酸性和中性pH值条件下利于反应活化PMS降解PZF,而碱性体系减缓反应,甚至强碱体系更易形成Co(OH)2沉淀不利于反应体系中活性组分CoOH+的形成,大大抑制了催化性能.此外,在体系中加入淬灭剂叔丁醇(tert-Butanol,TBA)或者乙醇(ethanol,ETOH)进行自由基的淬灭实验,结果表明SO4·-自由基为体系降解PZF过程中主要贡献的自由基,而HO·自由基的贡献较少.催化剂具有较好的稳定性5次循环之后仍能在10 min之内完全去除PZF.本研究提出了新的思路为制备其他载体的Co(OH)2核壳结构提供参考依据,同时将该催化剂结合高级氧化技术应用到水体新兴有机污染物净化领域具有很好的应用前景. 相似文献
5.
From 2000 to 2010 China experienced rapid economic development and urbanization. Many cities in economically developed areas have developed from a single-center status to polycentricity. In this study, we used exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) to identify the population centers, which identified 232 cities in China as having urban centers. COMP was used to represent urban agglomeration, and POLYD (representing how far is the city's sub-centers to the main center), POLYC (representing the number of a city's centers), and POLYP (representing the population distributed between the main center and the sub-centers) were used to indicate urban polycentricity. Night light data were used to determine the CO2 emissions from various cities in China. A mixed model was used to study the impact of urban aggregation and polycentric data on the CO2 emission efficiency in 2000 and 2010. The study found that cities with higher compactness were distributed in coastal areas, and the cities with higher multicentricity were distributed in the Yangtze River Delta and Shandong Province. The more compact the city was, the less conducive it was to improving CO2 emission efficiency. Polycentric development of the city was conducive to improving the CO2 emission efficiency, but the number of urban centers had no significant relationship with the CO2 emission efficiency. Our research showed that the compactness and multicentricity of the city had an impact on the CO2 emission efficiency and provided some planning suggestions for the low carbon development of the city. 相似文献
6.
为揭示河口区陆基养虾塘从养殖期到非养殖期一年间的CO2通量变化,以福建省闽江河口鳝鱼滩陆基养虾塘为研究对象,于2016年5月-2017年3月采用悬浮箱/静态箱-气相色谱法对养虾塘养殖期水-大气界面和非养殖期沉积物-大气界面白天CO2垂直通量进行原位观测.结果表明:①养虾塘在整个研究期间CO2通量变化范围为-62.87~162.81 mg/(m2·h),平均值为(42.66±18.12)mg/(m2·h),总体上表现为大气CO2的释放源,且呈非养殖期CO2通量平均值[(78.51±16.61)mg/(m2·h)]显著高于养殖期[(17.98±18.26)mg/(m2·h)]的特征.②养殖期间,养虾塘CO2通量呈"排放-吸收"交替变化的特征,而非养殖期养虾塘一直是大气CO2的净排放源.③养虾塘养殖期CO2通量时间变化特征主要受到ρ(DOC)(DOC为总溶解有机碳)、ρ(SO42-)、ρ(Cl-)、盐度、pH、ρ(Chla)(Chla为叶绿素a)的影响,其中,pH和ρ(SO42-)是其主要影响因子,而ρ(TDN)(TDN为总溶解氮)、ρ(TDP)(TDP为总溶解磷)、ρ(SO42-)对非养殖期CO2通量时间变化影响较大.研究显示,滨海陆基养殖塘是大气CO2的重要来源,其排放通量多低于河流、水库等水生生态系统,但高于湖泊生态系统;养殖塘CO2通量受人为影响明显,其较高的变异性与养殖生物、饲料投放以及浮游藻类有关. 相似文献
7.
通过水热法制备了暴露(001)晶面的Bi2WO6纳米片,利用光还原法将Pt纳米颗粒负载于其表面.选择苯甲醇氧化和罗丹明B(RhB)降解为探针反应,评价了催化剂的光催化性能.在苯甲醇氧化实验中,Pt负载暴露001晶面的Bi2WO6样品的苯甲醇转化率为20.7%,约为未负载样品的2倍.在RhB降解实验中,Pt负载样品在光照40min后对RhB的矿化率可达81.1%,而未负载样品RhB矿化率仅为55.8%,表明Pt负载样品具有更优的降解速率和矿化能力.催化剂性能的提升归因于高能晶面暴露和Pt负载的协同作用.Pt纳米颗粒的负载作为助催化剂增加了催化剂表面的活性位点,同时提高了晶面光生电子空穴对的分离和迁移效率. 相似文献
8.
采用水热法、沉淀法和溶胶凝胶法制备了3种不同形貌的CeO2催化材料,并将其用于湿式空气氧化苯酚水溶液过程中,探讨了CeO2形貌结构对催化湿式氧化苯酚水溶液性能的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)等手段对CeO2催化材料进行了表征.结果表明,水热法制备的CeO2催化材料表现出较好催化性能,主要原因是水热法合成的CeO2呈现交错的纳米棒状结构,主要暴露(220)晶面,且沿着(220)晶向生长.在反应温度为200℃、空气压力为2MPa、苯酚初始浓度500mg/L的条件下,最终(240min)COD的去除率为95.5%. 相似文献
9.
选取我国华中丘陵区的湖南省长沙县一个典型水稻种植区,对2015与2016年2年雨水样中的SO42-S和大气SO2的沉降量进行监测,分析雨水中SO42-、NO3-的关系,解析大气硫沉降的主要来源.结果表明,研究区大气中SO2-S和雨水中SO42--S的年均浓度分别为8.5 μg/m3和1.1mg/L,大气硫沉降年均总量为26.8kgS/(hm2·a),其中年均降雨混合沉降量18.2kgS/(hm2·a),年均干沉降量为8.6kgS/(hm2·a).研究区域硫素干、混合沉降量存在明显的季节差异,硫素混合沉降春季高于夏、秋、冬季,而硫素干沉降冬季高于春、夏、秋季.雨水中NO3-/SO42-的质量比大多小于1,表明研究区大气硫素主要来自固定污染源(燃煤).华中丘陵区稻田具有较高的硫沉降,但硫沉降量已较21世纪初出现了较大幅度下降,农业生产中需要根据农田硫素收支状况酌情补充硫肥来保证作物高产稳产. 相似文献
10.
秸秆还田是有效利用资源、增加土壤有机质含量和培肥地力的有效措施,但也会影响土壤NH3挥发和N2O的排放.探索不同秸秆还田方式对NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响对于减少土壤氮素损失和保护生态环境具有重要意义.采用田间小区试验,利用Los Gatos Research(LGR)超便携NH3分析仪和密闭式静态箱-气相色谱法探究不同秸秆还田方式下土壤NH3挥发和N2O排放的特征,试验设4个处理(覆盖还田,即表面覆盖玉米秸秆,0~20和20~40 cm土壤分层扰动后填回,记为JG0-0;常规还田,即秸秆与0~20 cm土壤混合,20~40 cm土壤扰动后填回,记为JG0-20;深还田,秸秆与20~40 cm土壤混合,0~20 cm土壤挖出后填回,记为JG20-40;对照处理,即无玉米秸秆还田,0~20和20~40 cm土壤分层扰动后填回,记为CK).结果表明:①相比于CK,不同秸秆还田方式均显著降低了土壤NH3挥发量,增加了土壤N2O排放量.与CK相比,JG0-0、JG0-20和JG20-40处理下土壤NH3累积排放量分别减少了12.38%、9.87%和5.73%;土壤N2O累积排放量分别增加了30.19%、82.82%和36.53%,其中JG0-0和JG20-40处理之间无显著性差异.②JG20-40处理下玉米产量显著高于其他处理,比CK增加了23.15%,JG0-0处理下玉米产量高于CK和JG0-20处理,但并未达到显著水平.③对于NH3和N2O这两种气体的总累积排放量,各处理间均达到显著性差异.与CK相比,JG0-0、JG0-20和JG20-40处理下NH3和N2O总累积排放量分别增加了16.67%、52.08%和22.92%.④不同秸秆还田方式下的氮素气态损失率均高于CK,JG0-0、JG0-20和JG20-40处理下氮素气态损失率分别比CK增加了17.50%、52.50%和22.50%.因此,综合考虑土壤NH3挥发量、N2O排放量和玉米产量等因素,JG0-0处理优于JG20-40、JG0-20处理. 相似文献