不同植被群落表层土壤中细菌群落多样性

对3种不同植被群落(海桐、雪松、桂花)表层土壤中的pH、w(TOC)、w(TN)和w(TP)进行了测定,采用DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)方法对各植被群落表层土壤细菌的16S rDNA V3~V6可变区扩增片段进行了分析,利用分析得到的图谱数据与表层土壤中的pH、w(TOC)、w(TN)和w(TP)进行了群落-理化因子相关性分析以及CCA(典范对应分析). 结果表明,不同植被群落表层土壤的pH和养分含量不同,其中w(TOC)和w(TN)的差异显著(P<0.05),而pH和w(TP)的差异不显著(P>0.05). DGGE图谱分析结果揭示,不同植被群落表层土壤的细菌群落结构明显不同. 聚类分析显示,海桐和雪松的细菌群落组成和结构最为相似(82%),而它们与桂花样地的相似性(55%)相对较低,桂花样地的Shannon-Wiener指数最高且与其他2个样地差异显著,雪松样地的均匀度指数最高. 相关性分析和CCA结果进一步表明,w(TOC)和w(TN)是表层土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的显著影响因素,并且植被群落可能通过其根系分泌物产生间接影响.      

Degradation kinetics of terephthalic acid wastewater with the hybrid strains constructed with Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The degradation kinetic parameters in terephthalic acid (TPA) wastewater for the hybrid strains of Fhh and Fhhh obtained through the protoplast fusion of the fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PC) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y99, and the native bacteria YZ1 were measured in this research. The highest level of the specific degradation rate for Fhhh and Fhh during 20h reaction were 0.2238 and 0.2163 h^‐1, which were higher than that of their three parental strains and that of the anaerobic bacteria reported. It suggested that the abilities of growth and degradation for Fhh and Fhhh in TPA wastewater were better than their three parental strains. They could create potentials for the purification of TPA wastewater with higher efficiency.     

Preparation,characterization and toxic activity of oxovanadium(IV) mixed-ligand complexes

New oxovanadium(IV) mixed-ligand complexes of the general composition [VO(L)(A)], where KHL?=?potassium salt of salicylideneglycine, A¹?=?bis(benzylidene)ethylenediamine, A²?=?bis (acetophenone)ethylenediamine, A³?=?di(2-pyridyl)amine, A⁴?=?bis(benzylidene)-1,8-diaminonaphthalene, A⁵?=?thiophene-o-carboxaldene-aniline, A⁶?=?thiophene-o-carboxaldene-p-anisidine, have been synthesized by the interaction of these ligands with vanadyl sulphate. The mixed-ligand complexes have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, magnetic measurements, electronic and infrared spectra. An octahedral structure has tentatively been assigned to all of the mixed-ligand complexes. The mixed-ligand complexes show higher toxic activity against the Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Serratia mercescen as compared to the ligands, vanadyl sulphate and control (dimethyl sulphoxide). The mixed-ligand complexes were also tested against a standard drug (tetracycline).     

Community sustainability: a holistic approach to measuring the sustainability of rural communities in Scotland

ABSTRACT

Although sustainable development was defined in the Brundtland Report almost 30 years ago, the current usage of the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development remain highly equivocal. In the context of rural communities, multiple interpretations and weak definitions lead to confusion in understanding what comprises a sustainable rural community. Building on existing definitions (e.g. Baker’s, 2006, ‘Ladder of Sustainable Development’), models (principally, The Egan Review’s, 2004, ‘Components of Sustainable Communities’) and findings of this study, a sustainable community is defined and a holistic model of a sustainable place-based rural community is presented. This model, the sustainable community design (SCD) is used as the basis for analysing community sustainability, which is measured using mixed methods and scorecard assessment. Sensitivity of the method is demonstrated with inter- and intra-community variations in sustainability across three diverse Scottish rural communities. Intra-community variations illustrate heterogeneity in community sustainability, explain ambiguity in characterisations of an individual community’s sustainability, and highlight the importance of an interdisciplinary and holistic approach to community development. The SCD framework is presented as a useful tool for meso-level sustainability assessment and to facilitate the sustainable development of rural communities.     

产表面活性剂降解石油菌株产物性质及降解性能研究

微生物是组成生态系统的重要成员,在污染物去除中发挥着重要作用,是生物修复中的主力,然而在石油污染修复过程中,石油烃的疏水性会限制微生物对石油的降解,但一些微生物的细胞代谢物即生物表面活性剂,它是微生物在一定条件下代谢分泌产生的具有一定表面活性,集亲水基和疏水基结构于一分子的两亲性化合物,可以促进油的乳化,提高油的分散程度,增大菌株和油珠的接触机会,促进对石油烃的吸收和降解。在实验室分离得到了7株产表面活性剂石油降解菌株,经分子鉴定可知菌1和菌2都为粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens,菌3为居植物柔武氏菌Raoultella planticola,菌4,菌6和菌7都为克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella variicola,菌5为蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus。主要研究了它们的生长与表面活性剂物质分泌状况的关系,发现随着时间增加,OD值随之增大,表面张力呈现下降趋势;并对菌株产物进行提取和薄层层析,离子型分析和红外光谱分析,初步判断其产物均为阴离子糖脂类;通过pH,初始油质量浓度,接种量和盐度4个单因素的变化研究菌1粘质沙雷氏菌,菌3居植物柔武士菌,菌5蜡状芽孢杆菌和菌6克雷伯氏菌对石油类物质降解能力,发现菌3居植物柔武氏菌和菌5蜡状芽孢杆菌降解性能较好;通过响应曲面法优化蜡状芽孢杆菌的降解条件,得出其最佳降解条件为pH为5.02,油质量浓度为3 g·L-1,接种量为1199.98μL,盐度为0.5 g·L-1时,在此条件下,菌株对石油的降解率为66.94%。     

Improvement of the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) analytical method for reclaimed water

Microbial growth is an issue of concern that may cause hygienic and aesthetic problems during the transportation and usage of reclaimed water. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) is an important parameter which determines the heterotrophic bacterial growth potential of water. Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 and Spirillum sp. NOX are widely used to measure AOC in drinking water. The AOC values of various reclaimed water samples determined by P17 and NOX were compared with those determined by the new strains isolated from reclaimed water in this study. It showed that the conventional test strains were not suitable for AOC measurement of reclaimed water in certain cases. In addition to P17 and NOX, Stenotrophomonas sp. ZJ2, Pseudomonas saponiphila G3 and Enterobacter sp. G6, were selected as test strains for AOC measurement of reclaimed water. Key aspects of the bioassay including inoculum cell density, incubation temperature, incubation time and the pH of samples were evaluated for the newly selected test strains. Higher inoculum density (10⁴ CFU·mL^-1) and higher incubation temperature (25°C) could reduce the time required for the tests. The AOC results of various collected samples showed the advantages of the method proposed based on those five strains in evaluating the biologic stability of reclaimed water.     

活性污泥SBR系统对四环素耐药菌和总四环素的去除特性

通过模拟运行SBR工艺,比较不同四环素进水浓度、运行周期以及氧环境条件对四环素耐药菌及痕量四环素的去除特性.结果表明,痕量四环素的存在会对活性污泥中微生物耐药性产生影响,SBR进水四环素浓度为250μg.L-1时活性污泥中的微生物会逐步变成耐药微生物,而进水中不含四环素时,耐药的微生物会逐步变成非耐药微生物.总四环素的去除效果在好氧条件下周期为12 h时最好,达到90%以上.好氧条件下周期为8 h时每克污泥增加的四环素耐药菌数最多,约为2.89×109CFU.g-1;好氧条件下周期为20 h时为最少,约为1.0×108CFU.g-1,有利于缓解四环素耐药菌的产生.     

活性污泥丝状膨胀早期预警的研究进展

活性污泥法是目前处理污水的一种有效方法,在应用过程中,频频发生的污泥膨胀现象成为影响污水处理效率的难题,对污泥膨胀进行早期预警调控研究,已成为该领域关注的热点问题.本文阐述了丝状菌引起的污泥膨胀预警研究的进展情况,从污泥常规指标测定、形态观察和分子生态学3个方面对丝状污泥膨胀的预警方法进行了综述,对各种方法的优点与不足展开讨论,并在此基础上归纳出一些改进的措施,展望了丝状污泥膨胀预警的应用前景.     

带混合时间窗的多目标危险化学品运输路径优化

为降低危险化学品运输风险,使路径选择更加科学、切合实际,从责任主体、社会影响等方面综合考虑危险化学品运输相关主体,根据各主体目标对影响运输路径选择的指标进行重新识别和细分,提出5大指标体系。应用熵权法计算出各指标权重,建立混合时间窗条件下的多目标危化品运输路径优化模型,通过改进的多目标遗传算法求出Pareto最优解。结果表明,不同时间点出发会产生不同的Pareto最优解,并且可得到每条最优路径的出发时间窗,每个最优解代表了某项指标达到相对最优时的路径。混合时间窗较符合实际情况,基于出发时间窗及生成的多条最优路径,决策者可根据决策偏好及关注重点以较高效率选出最合适的路径。     

硫酸盐还原菌促进市政污泥厌氧发酵产乙酸

添加各浓度钼酸盐考察不同抑制水平下硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对市政污泥发酵产酸的作用. 结果表明:在有硫酸盐存在时,未抑制SRB体系中ρ(乙酸)占ρ(总VFAs)的比例可达83%,无丙酸、丁酸积累;而在SRB高抑制水平体系中,ρ(乙酸)只占约40%. 随后以未添加硫酸盐体系为对照,研究了硫酸盐投加方式及在发酵中后期抑制SRB对产物中挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)成分及其浓度的影响;同时,通过对dsrA酶的编码基因含量定量分析发现,随着硫酸盐的加入,SRB数量速增,产物中丙酸、丁酸先后转化为乙酸,且ρ(乙酸)占ρ(总VFAs)的比例可达90%以上. 添加SRB可作为实现污泥发酵定向累积乙酸的调控手段.